Pengaruh Penambahan Sari Buah Tomat (Solanum lycopersicum ) Sebagai Pengencer Alami Terhadap Kualitas Penyimpanan Spermatozoa Sapi Bali (Bos sondaicus)

The purpose of this research was examine the effect of juice tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) as diluent on the quality of spermatozoa Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus). This research used Completely Random Design consisting of five treatments and three repetition. The treatmens are andromed, jus tomatoes- yolk egg – honey with concentration of 0 %, 10 %, 20 % and 30 %. The parameters were time of formation in a macroscopic (volume, color, pH and consistency) and microscopic (motility, life sperm percentage and abnormality). Observations were made at 0, 2, 4, 6 until 8 hour after refrigeration. The results showed that addition jus tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) was quality spermatozoa Bali cattle after refrigeration. Juice tomato- yolk egg – honey diluents with concentration of 20 % can produce of spermatozoa quality whether. Keywords: Spermatozoa, andromed, juice tomato, honey, yolk egg.

Estimating Macroscopic Volume Delay Functions with the Traffic Density Derived from Measured Speeds and Flows

This paper proposes a new method to estimate the macroscopic volume delay function (VDF) from the point speed-flow measures. Contrary to typical VDF estimation methods it allows estimating speeds also for hypercritical traffic conditions, when both speeds and flow drop due to congestion (high density of traffic flow). We employ the well-known hydrodynamic relation of fundamental diagram to derive the so-called quasi-density from measured time-mean speeds and flows. This allows formulating the VDF estimation problem with a speed being monotonically decreasing function of quasi-density with a shape resembling the typical VDF like BPR. This way we can use the actually observed speeds and propose the macroscopic VDF realistically reproducing actual speeds also for hypercritical conditions. The proposed method is illustrated with half-year measurements from the induction loop system in city of Warsaw, which measured traffic flows and instantaneous speeds of over 5 million vehicles. Although the proposed method does not overcome the fundamental limitations of static macroscopic traffic models, which cannot represent dynamic traffic phenomena like queue, spillback, wave propagation, capacity drop, and so forth, we managed to improve the VDF goodness-of-fit fromR2of 27% to 72% most importantly also for hypercritical conditions. Thanks to this traffic congestion in macroscopic traffic models can be reproduced more realistically in line with empirical observations.

Solar Neighbourhood as the Local Macroscopic Volume Element Within the Galaxy

The notion of the local Macroscopic Volume Element (MVE) is introduced in order to facilitate the application of hydro-dynamical methods of treating internal motions in stellar systems and in particular in our Galaxy. The MVE must characterize the properties of the stellar system in a given point within the system. Hence the diameter of the MVE must be taken as small as possible; it must, however, contain a sufficiently large number of stars in order that the laws of statistics might be applied. The greater is the local star density the smaller can be made the size of the MVE.Modern catalogues of nearby stars by Gliese (1969) and Woolley et al. (1970) afford a good collection of data for a determination of local characteristics of the Galaxy in the immediate neighbourhood of the Sun. In the first section we discuss such characteristics as the local stellar density, the local luminosity function and the influence of observational selection upon them. In the second section we consider the local solar motion and the effect of the asymmetry of stellar motions. The responsibility for the content of paragraph 1 lies primarily upon T. A. Agekjan while that for paragraph 2 upon K. F. Ogorodnikov. We both are indebted to G. V. Ishkhanov and to L. V. Chuvicova for substantial help in numerical computations.