Tracking deep-sea internal wave propagation with a differential pressure gauge array

Temperature is used to trace ocean density variations, and reveals internal waves and turbulent motions in the deep ocean, called ‘internal motions.’ Ambient temperature detected by geophysical differential pressure gauges (DPGs) may provide year-long, complementary observations. Here, we use data from four DPGs fixed on the ocean bottom and a high-resolution temperature sensor (T-sensor) 13 m above the seafloor as a square-kilometer array deployed offshore ~ 50 km east of Taiwan facing the open Pacific Ocean to examine the impact of temperature on DPG signals related to internal motions. The DPG signals correlate with T-sensor temperature variations between 0.002 and 0.1 mHz, but have time shifts partially caused by slow thermal conduction from the ambient seafloor to the DPG chamber and partially by internal motion propagation time across the array. Applying beamforming-frequency-wavenumber analysis and linear regression to the arrayed T-sensor and DPG data, we estimate the propagating slowness of the internal motions to be between 0.5 and 7.4 s m−1 from the northwest and northeast quadrants of the array. The thermal relaxation time of the DPGs is within 103–104 s. This work shows that a systematic scan of DPG data at frequencies < 0.1 mHz may help shed light on patterns of internal wave propagation in the deep ocean, especially in multi-scale arrays.

An Evaluation of Total Internal Motions of Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer during SABR Using Calypso® Extracranial Tracking, and Its Possible Clinical Impact on Motion Management

(1) Background: the aims of this study were to determine the total extent of pancreatic cancer’s internal motions, using Calypso® extracranial tracking, and to indicate possible clinical advantages of continuous intrafractional fiducial-based tumor motion tracking during SABR. (2) Methods: thirty-four patients were treated with SABR for LAPC using Calypso® for motion management. Planning MSCTs in FB and DBH, and 4D-CTs were performed. Using data from Calypso® and 4D-CTs, the movements of the lesions in the CC, AP and LR directions, as well as the volumes of the 4D-CT-based ITV and the volumes of the Calypso®-based ITV were compared. (3) Results: significantly larger medians of tumor excursions were found with Calypso® than with 4D-CT: CC: 29 mm (p < 0.001); AP: 14 mm (p < 0.001) and LR: 11 mm (p < 0.039). The median volume of the Calypso®-based ITV was significantly larger than that of the 4D-CT based ITV (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusion: beside known respiratory-induced internal motions, pancreatic cancer seems to have significant additional motions which should be considered during respiratory motion management. Only direct and continuous intrafractional fiducial-based motion tracking seems to provide complete coverage of the target lesion with the prescribed isodose, which could allow for safe tumor dose escalation.

Analytic approximations to photoabsorption cross sections of once-ionized helium in magnetar atmospheres

Magnetar atmospheres can contain a substantial fraction of once-ionized helium. At the magnetic fields about 1014 −1015 G, typical of magnetars, Landau quantization is important not only for the electrons, but also for the centre-of-mass (CM) motion of the He+ ion. The CM and internal motions are mutually dependent, which complicates theoretical studies of the He+ characteristics. We present asymptotic analytic expressions for the binding energies, oscillator strengths, and photoionization cross sections of the moving hydrogenlike ions in an ultra-strong magnetic field, which can be used to construct approximate models of magnetar atmospheres.

Measuring the “weight” of human in vivo bio-inertia by legendary Galileo falling body experiments on a commercial 10m diving platform and gravitationally inversion of Newton's Three Laws of Motion into the Basic Laws of Evolution

Mutations of legendary Galileo falling bodies experiment with non-living objects in a non-isolated environment demonstrate that the recoverable internal motions of falling bodies can bind and polarize gravity over conventional Newtonian mass inertia. Bio quantum path experiments further interpret the binding mechanism and reveal the isolated logic restriction of Einstein’s equivalence principle. Mutations of the Cavendish experiment unveil 109 levels of gravitational differences between living and dead states. Mutations of the Galileo falling body experiments for living beings confirmed that such differences come from recoverable internal motion surface tension gravitational binding that can be calibrated as a measurable bio-inertia. We then calibrated the falling height difference for human in vivo bio-inertia on a commercial 10m diving platform and verified 98% of populations on Earth can safely be tested in this way with enough preparation training. In vivo lifetime gravitational binding curve that governs all biological parameters and reveals life evolutionary mechanisms becomes technologically feasible. These results, along with various facts, modulate the gravitational multi-surface tension region resonating model of in vivo bio quantum path inversion superposition. Photoelectric effect, PCR, GPCR, ancient CSF-ligament human Kungfu training systems, music harmonics, and board observations physically sustain this model. Newtonian Third Laws of motion are therefore evolved into Basic Laws of Evolution originates from surface tension non-unitary time inversion superposition that is different from the mathematical superposition in quantum mechanics; original memory negentropy is also disciplinarily integrated.

Cross-scale Analysis of Temperature Compensation in the Cyanobacterial Circadian Clock System

Clock proteins maintain constant enzymatic activity regardless of temperature, even though thermal fluctuation is accelerated as temperature increases. We investigated temperature influences on the dynamics of KaiC, a temperature-compensated ATPase in the cyanobacterial circadian clock system, using quasielastic neutron scattering. The frequency of picosecond to sub-nanosecond incoherent local motions in KaiC was accelerated very slightly in a temperature-dependent manner. Our mutation studies revealed that internal motions of KaiC include several contributions of opposing temperature sensitivities. To take advantage of this balancing effect, the motional frequency of local dynamics in KaiC needs to exceed ~0.3 ps-1. Some of the mutation sites may be in a pathway through which the motional frequency in the C-terminal domain of KaiC is fed back to the active site of ATPase in its N-terminal domain. The temperature-compensating ability at the dynamics level is likely crucial for circadian clock systems, into which the clock proteins are incorporated, to achieve reaction- or even system-level temperature compensation of the oscillation frequency.

Measuring the “weight” of human in vivo bio-inertia by legendary Galileo falling body experiments on a commercial 10m diving platform and gravitationally inversion of Newton's Three Laws of Motion into the Basic Laws of Evolution

Mutations of legendary Galileo falling bodies experiment with non-living objects in a non-isolated environment demonstrate that the recoverable internal motions of falling bodies can bind and polarize gravity over conventional Newtonian mass inertia. Bio quantum path experiments further interpret the binding mechanism and reveal the isolated logic restriction of Einstein’s equivalence principle. Mutations of the Cavendish experiment unveil 109 levels of gravitational differences between living and dead states. Mutations of the Galileo falling body experiments for living beings confirmed that such differences come from recoverable internal motion surface tension gravitational binding that can be calibrated as a measurable bio-inertia. We then calibrated the falling height difference for human in vivo bio-inertia on a commercial 10m diving platform and verified 98% of populations on Earth can safely be tested in this way with enough preparation training. In vivo lifetime gravitational binding curve that governs all biological parameters and reveals life evolutionary mechanisms becomes technologically feasible. These results, along with various facts, modulate the gravitational multi-surface tension region resonating model of in vivo bio quantum path inversion superposition. Photoelectric effect, PCR, GPCR, ancient CSF-ligament human Kungfu training systems, music harmonics, and board observations physically sustain this model. Newtonian Third Laws of motion are therefore evolved into Basic Laws of Evolution originates from surface tension non-unitary time inversion superposition that is different from the mathematical superposition in quantum mechanics; original memory negentropy is also disciplinarily integrated.

Parameterizing non-propagating form drag over rough bathymetry

Slowly-evolving stratified flow over rough topography is subject to substantial drag due to internal motions, but often numerical simulations are carried out at resolutions where this “wave” drag must be parameterized. Here we highlight the importance of internal drag from topography with scales that cannot radiate internal waves, but may be highly non-linear, and we propose a simple parameterization of this drag that has a minimum of fit parameters compared to existing schemes. The parameterization smoothly transitions from a quadratic drag law () for low- (linear wave dynamics) to a linear drag law () for high- flows (non-linear blocking and hydraulic dynamics), where N is the stratification, h is the height of the topography, and u0 is the near-bottom velocity; the parameterization does not have a dependence on Coriolis frequency. Simulations carried out in a channel with synthetic bathymetry and steady body forcing indicate that this parameterization accurately predicts drag across a broad range of forcing parameters when the effect of reduced near-bottom mixing is taken into account by reducing the effective height of the topography. The parameterization is also tested in simulations of wind-driven channel flows that generate mesoscale eddy fields, a setup where the downstream transport is sensitive to the bottom drag parameterization and its effect on the eddies. In these simulations, the parameterization replicates the effect of rough bathymetry on the eddies. If extrapolated globally, the sub-inertial topographic scales can account for 2.7 TW of work done on the low-frequency circulation, an important sink that is redistributed to mixing in the open ocean.