Historical and Legal Preconditions for the Origin of Local Legal Regulation of Labor Legal Relations in Ukraine

Based on the analysis of scientific views of scholars, the author has studied the historical and legal preconditions for the origin of local legal regulation of labor legal relations in Ukraine. It has been noted that the foundations of legal regulation of labor legal relations were laid during the existence of the Roman Empire. Despite the fact that this historical period is characterized by a slave-owning type of economy, we can still talk about the existence of legal regulation of labor at that time. It has been emphasized that an important stage in the development of local regulation of labor relations in Ukraine is the period of Kievan Rus (late IX – mid XIII century), which is characterized by the fact that the legal regulation of labor relations was mainly limited to the issuance of orders by the prince. It has been established that there were no significant changes in the legal regulation of labor relations after the disintegration of Kievan Rus: there were employees in the civil service, who carried out their activities on a contractual basis, and centralized regulation was carried out by the princes of the respective lands. The author has revealed the content of a number of normative and legal acts of the Russian Empire, the norms of which were aimed at regulating labor legal relations. It has been found out that the period of 1861-1917 was characterized by active rule-making activities of the state to regulate labor relations, the adoption of a large number of laws and regulatory acts that were designed to regulate labor relations. It has been emphasized that an important achievement of that period was the expansion of the rights of authorized entities in regard to local rule-making activity. It has been stated that the first legislative foundations were laid at that time in order to implement local legal regulation of labor legal relations.

Verb Second and the Left Edge Filling Trigger

This chapter is an inquiry into the subcomponent of the Extended Projection Principle (EPP) that is relevant for second position phenomena: the Left Edge Filling Trigger (LEFT). LEFT basically amounts to a classical morphological obligatory exponence effect, except that it is instantiated at the sentence level. It cross-linguistically operates in a post-syntactic realizational morphological module. It is shown that LEFT is an active rule of Universal Grammar, providing empirical arguments from Breton, a Celtic VSO language showing an extra conspicuous V2 requirement. A radical reanalysis of language word order typology is proposed. Classic V2 languages are conspicuously V2. SVO is a subtype. So-called V1 languages are either predicate-fronting languages (Tense second), or inconspicuously V2. A cross-linguistic typology of LEFT effects is presented, with great attention paid to inconspicuous satisfiers, among them null expletives, for which evidence is presented. The chapter argues accordingly for a drastic extension of the typology of expletives.