Chromosome-scale assembly and evolution of the tetraploid Salvia splendens (Lamiaceae) genome

Polyploidization plays a key role in plant evolution, but the forces driving the fate of homoeologs in polyploid genomes, i.e., paralogs resulting from a whole-genome duplication (WGD) event, remain to be elucidated. Here, we present a chromosome-scale genome assembly of tetraploid scarlet sage (Salvia splendens), one of the most diverse ornamental plants. We found evidence for three WGD events following an older WGD event shared by most eudicots (the γ event). A comprehensive, spatiotemporal, genome-wide analysis of homoeologs from the most recent WGD unveiled expression asymmetries, which could be associated with genomic rearrangements, transposable element proximity discrepancies, coding sequence variation, selection pressure, and transcription factor binding site differences. The observed differences between homoeologs may reflect the first step toward sub- and/or neofunctionalization. This assembly provides a powerful tool for understanding WGD and gene and genome evolution and is useful in developing functional genomics and genetic engineering strategies for scarlet sage and other Lamiaceae species.

THE SPECIFIC CONTENT AND ASH CONTENT OF SOME BIOGENIC ELEMENTS (N, S, P) IN LEAVES OF HER-BACEOUS PLANTS IN THE CITY OF ISKITIM OF THE NOVOSIBIRSK REGION

The article presents comparative data on the content of sulfur, phosphorus, nitrogen, ash in the leaves of perennial and annual ornamental plants, such as-Hemerocallis hybrida, Iris hybrida, Hosta lancifolia, Salvia splendens, Tagetis patula, Senecio cineraria, Gatsania hybrida, Alyssum hybrida, grown in flower beds near road and industrial zones of the city. Iskitim's. The change in the concentration of substances within each type is shown in the direction of increasing indicators in the series: S<P<N< - ash. The specificity of the content of elements for each type is revealed. It was found that the content of sulfur, phosphorus, nitrogen, and ash in these plants differs by ambiguous indicators in an urbanized environment. It was determined that in the flower beds of industrial zones, the nitrogen content in the leaves of annual plants such as alissum, Salvia splendens, Senecio cineraria was 6–11 times higher compared to sulfur and phosphorus. It was found that the nitrogen concentration is 2.5–3 times lower in perennial plants compared to annual ones. In the leaves of Hemerocallis hybrida, growing 50 m from the road, the ratio of S:P:N, sulfur is 1.5 times higher than in plants growing 100 m from the road. It was found that the distribution of sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, and ash in the leaves is species-specific.

Influência da adubação no crescimento e no desenvolvimento de Salvia splendens

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a influência do substrato e da adubação no desenvolvimento e qualidade de mudas de alegria-de-jardim (Salvia splendens Ker Gawl.). Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos constituídos de diferentes métodos de adubação sendo: T1 - testemunha; T2 - adubação por fertirrigação; T3 - adubação foliar e T4 - adubação por fertirrigação + foliar, com cinco repetições sendo cada unidade experimental composta de quatro mudas. As mudas foram transplantadas em bandejas de 15 alvéolos com substrato turfa, as adubações foram realizadas em três etapas semanalmente a partir do transplante. Avaliou-se a altura de plantas, espessura do caule, número de folhas, comprimento e massa verde radicular e coesão de torrão, através de escalas de notas de 1 a 5. Observou-se que a altura de plantas foi maior no tratamento T4, todavia, neste tratamento as plantas estavam estioladas. As características avaliadas das raízes tiveram melhor desempenho nos tratamentos TI e T2, assim como melhor coesão de torrão; as mudas com adição de adubação por fertirrigação apresentam maior uniformidade de bandeja tanto em tamanho. Desta forma, recomenda-se a adubação por fertirrigação para a produção de mudas de alegria-de-jardim.

Pollen Grains Morphology of Angiosperms

Pollen morphology of fourteen species of angiosperms from Kathmandu valley was investigated using aceto-carmine and palynological characters such as pollen size, shape, aperture numbers and exine sculpture were evaluated. The results indicate that various types of pollen grains are in angiosperms. In this investigation Pollen grains of Linum usitatissimum L. from the family Linaceae, Lathyrus odoratus L. from Fabaceae, Magnolia grandiflora L. from Magnoliaceae, Malva alcea L. and Malva sida L. from Malvaceae, Murraya koenigii Spreng from Rutaceae, Nerium oleander L. from Apocynaceae studied. Likewise, Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Salvia coccinea Buchz ex Etl. Salvia splendens Sellow ex J.A. Schultes from Lamiaceae, Oenothera rosea L. from Onagraceae, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. from Rosaceae, Solanum nigrum L. from Solanaceae and Zinnia elegans L. from Asteraceae were studied in this investigation. Shape of the pollen grains found to be spheroidal, sub-spheroidal, elongate, oval, circular, ellipsoidal and triangular type. Ornamentation of exine wall found to be echinate, smooth, coarse, wrinkle and tected type. Aperture of the pollen grains found to be triporate to periporate. Sizes of the pollen grains encountered in this study were large, medium and small. The high diversity of exine ornamentation type in pollen grains of angiosperms has been associated to diversity in pollination systems. Echinate pollen grains train the bees to restrict to nectar collection and help the flowers to save more pollen grains for pollination. Smooth walled pollen grains are linked with wind or water pollination. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 8(2): 205-210

Quinoline Derivatives as Growth Regulators for Ornamental Plants

It is investigated the effect of synthesized organic compounds of 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2- dihydroquinoline, its derivatives, and hydrogenated analogs. These compounds affected the height of seedlings when they were used for pre-sowing seed treatment of the following ornamental plants: annual ornamental grass – scarlet sage (Salvia splendens) and woody plant – yellow rhododendron (Rhododendron luteum). Prior to the sprouting process, the seeds of Rh. luteum and S. splendens were soaked in water solutions of compounds with concentrations of 0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.1% for 18 hours. Dihydro- and tetrahydroquinolines with a concentration of 0.05% proved to be the most effective for both plants. For Rhododendron luteum, the compounds of 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline, its derivatives, and hydrogenated analogs with a concentration of 0.1% proved to be the most effective. Dihydroquinolines at concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1% proved to have the strongest effect when applied to the studied perennial woody plant (Rhododendron luteum). Dihydroquinoline at the concentration of 0.05% also proved to be effective when applied to the annual grass (Salvia splendens). For annual S. splendens, tetrahydroquinoline at concentrations of 0.01 and 0.05% appeared to be the most effective. The pre-sowing seed treatment of grass Salvia splendens and woody plant Rhododendron luteum with the studied compounds demonstrated that their effect on the height of the seedlings is species-specific. The pre-sowing seed treatment of Rh. luteum and S. splendens allows increasing the height of the seedlings by 3-61 % and 17-25 %, respectively. It is suggested using the compounds of 6-hydroxy-2,2,4- trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline, its derivatives, and hydrogenated analogs as effective growth stimulators for ornamental grasses and woody plants

QUINOLINE DERIVATIVES AS GROWTH REGULATORS FOR ORNAMENTAL PLANTS

It is investigated the effect of synthesized organic compounds of 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2- dihydroquinoline, its derivatives, and hydrogenated analogs. These compounds affected the height of seedlings when they were used for pre-sowing seed treatment of the following ornamental plants: annual ornamental grass – scarlet sage (Salvia splendens) and woody plant – yellow rhododendron (Rhododendron luteum). Prior to the sprouting process, the seeds of Rh. luteum and S. splendens were soaked in water solutions of compounds with concentrations of 0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.1% for 18 hours. Dihydro- and tetrahydroquinolines with a concentration of 0.05% proved to be the most effective for both plants. For Rhododendron luteum, the compounds of 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline, its derivatives, and hydrogenated analogs with a concentration of 0.1% proved to be the most effective. Dihydroquinolines at concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1% proved to have the strongest effect when applied to the studied perennial woody plant (Rhododendron luteum). Dihydroquinoline at the concentration of 0.05% also proved to be effective when applied to the annual grass (Salvia splendens). For annual S. splendens, tetrahydroquinoline at concentrations of 0.01 and 0.05% appeared to be the most effective. The pre-sowing seed treatment of grass Salvia splendens and woody plant Rhododendron luteum with the studied compounds demonstrated that their effect on the height of the seedlings is species-specific. The pre-sowing seed treatment of Rh. luteum and S. splendens allows increasing the height of the seedlings by 3-61 % and 17-25 %, respectively. It is suggested using the compounds of 6-hydroxy-2,2,4- trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline, its derivatives, and hydrogenated analogs as effective growth stimulators for ornamental grasses and woody plants.