ISOLATION AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PECTIN FROM NONCONVENTIONAL NATU-RAL RAW MATERIALS

Obtaining and studying the functional properties and determining the subsequent purpose in the practical use of pectin substances requires a thorough study of physical and chemical characteristics of the polysaccharide. By using the acidic hydrolysis method, pectic polysaccharides were isolated from nonconventional raw materials of natural origins - basidial fungus mushrooms Fomes fomentarius, Ganoderma lucidum, Inonotus hispidus, Polýporus squamosus. The polysaccharides isolated were characterized: such as content of free and etherifying carboxyl groups, total -СООН groups, -ОСН3 groups, degree of etherification and by data of the IR-spectroscopy. The pectic polysaccharides isolated in identical conditions from the basidial mushrooms were powders with colors from light yellow to is light-brown by the appearance, possess sub-acidic taste, have no extraneous smack and a smell. The pectin from Inonotus hispidus was much lighter than other pectins (Fomes fomentarius, Ganoderma lucidum, Polýporus squamosus). The pectin’s isolated were similar to the apple pectin by the organoleptic properties. They can classified as averagely etherified pectins regarding the degree etherification. Etherification degree of the studied pectins was in the range of 50.00–66.67%. The methoxyl groups were ranged between 8.47–11.43%. Content of free carboxylic groups in the range of 2.25–5.40%.

AGE-SPECIFIC DYNAMICS OF ESSENTIAL OIL CONTENT IN ABIES SIBIRICA BARK. THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF EVALUATION

The variability of the essential oil content in Abies Sibirica bark in the Eastern and Western parts of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe was evaluated in eight age groups. The model of the age dynamics of changes in the essential oil content in the bark of Abies Sibirica, which is adequate to the experimental data, was obtained. With increasing age of fir, the content of fir oil in the bark increases from 1.4±0.1% of a. s. s. in 20–30 years of age to 2.8±0.2% of a.s.s. at the age of 70–80 years, with further decreases to 0.4±0.1% of a. s. s. in overmature trees. The results of parametric identification of the model for Abies Sibirica growing in the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe are presented. Based on the results of 50.000 computational experiments, the simulation method estimates the statistics of changes in the model coefficients and 95% of the boundary of the forecast values of the content of fir oil in the bark. A compartment model is proposed that explains the age-specific dynamics of essential oil content in tree greens and Siberian fir bark. The obtained solution compartment model allows us to associate its parameters with the coefficients of models of changes in the content of fir oil in tree greens and bark obtained by processing experimental data.

EFFECT OF MICROSTRUCTURE OF CARDBOARD ON ITS MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

The article is devoted to the prediction of mechanical properties on the study of the microstructure of the cross section of cardboard. The results of the work in the future can be used as an addition to standard methods for evaluating the mechanical properties of cardboard. On the basis of images of the microstructure of the cross sections of the two-layer test liner cardboard and their graphic processing using modern computer programs, the lengths of fiber contacts were determined. Guided by the fact that the most significant indicator of all geometric parameters of the microstructure is the length of fiber contacts, the main mechanical properties of cardboard were determined (bursting strength and compression resistance, breaking length, bending stiffness, interlayer strength)produced according to various technologies (conventional method of preparing recovered paper stock, dry defibration of recovered paper with aerodynamic formation of the top layer, dry defibration of recovered paper with subsequent supply of fibers to the stock and dry defibration of recovered paper with subsequent grinding in the stock). Each of the technologies allows to obtain cardboard with different mechanical parameters. It has been established that almost all mechanical indicators depend directly proportionally on the length of the fiber contact lines. The obtained dependencies can be used to predict the mechanical properties of cardboard in its production at industry enterprises.

STUDY OF THE CONTENT OF ANTIOXIDANTS AND THEIR ACTIVITY IN CONCENTRATED EXTRACTS OF CRANBERRY (VACCINIUM OXYCOCCUS), SEA BUCKTHORN (HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES L.), BLACKBERRY (RUBUS FRUTICOSUS), VIBURNUM (VIBURNUM OPULUS L) AND MOUNTAIN ASH (SORBUS AUCUPARIA L.

Extracts and their concentrates can be considered as a source of biologically active ingredients of food products and as food additives to increase the consumption of useful substances of berries. The benefits gained from their use lead to the development of advanced technologies that can allow them to be extracted from the feedstock without significantly compromising the biological activity from the feedstock. In this paper, we studied the content of antioxidants and their activity in concentrated extracts of cranberry (Vaccinium Oxycoccus), sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), blackberry (Rubus fruticosus), viburnum (Viburnum opulus L.) and mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.) berries. For all extracts, the total content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and anthocyanins, antioxidant activity according to the DPPH method and iron-reducing antioxidant activity (FRAP) were determined. Concentrated extracts of viburnum contain the largest amount of phenolic compounds (9.3±0.3 mol HA/l), flavonoids (1.96±0.08 mol K/l) and anthocyanins (0.26±0.02 mol CG/l) among the studied extracts. There is also a high total content of phenolic substances and flavonoids in blackberry and rowan extracts (5.7 mol HA/l, 1.33 mol K/l and 4.7 mol HA/l, 192 mol K / l, respectively). The antioxidant activity of the extract of viburnum berries showed a directly proportional dependence on the content of biologically active compounds in it: DPPH-method-2.4 mg / ml; FRAP-method-39.99 mmol Fe2+ / kg. Also, high levels were found in concentrated extracts of blackberries, sea buckthorn and mountain ash. It is the extracts of viburnum, blackberry and mountain ash that are recommended to be used in the production of food products to enrich them with biologically active substances and give them antioxidant properties. Cranberry and sea buckthorn extracts can be used in combination with other extracts.

USING OF BIOMASS AND WASTES OF BEANS (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS) AND PEAS (PISUM SATIVUM) PRO-CESSING AS SORPTION MATERIAL FROM POLLUTANTS REMOVING FROM WATER ENVIRONMENTS (LIT-ERATURE REVIEW)

Was reported literature findings of domestic and foreign articles about using of biomass components (leaves, straw, pods, seeds) and wastes of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and peas (Pisum sativum) pods shells processing as sorption material for pollutants (metals ions, colorants) removing from water environments. Concise literature findings about Pisum sativum and Phaseolus vulgaris plant structure, cultivation value, and chemical composition of some biomass components are described. Was revealed that composition of beans and peas pods has big amount of proteins, that can provide removing of metals ions such as (Cd(II), Co(II), Cr(III) и Cr(VI), Cu(II), Fe(III), Mo(VI), Ni(II), Pb(II), Sb(III) и Sb(V), Zn(II)) from water environments. Was showed the possibility of sorption characteristics increase for pollutants by Phaseolus vulgaris and Pisum sativum biomass treatment with different chemical reagents. Was revealed that pollutants sorption isotherms of wastes and biomass of considered legumes are described mostly by Langmuir model than by Freundlich model. The kinetic of process mostly match to pseudo-second order model. It is shown that using of seeds and pods shells of legumes is prospectively for removing of heavy metals ions and suspended particles from water. Was proposed to use charcoal, which was gotten by peas pods carbonization for removing of heavy metals ions from water environments. Concluded, that using of legumes pods extracts is more effective for clearing water environments from heavy metals ions.

COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF THE PROFILE OF FREE ORGANIC ACIDS IN FRUITS OF SEA BUCKTHORN (HIP-POPHAE RHAMNOIDES L.) OF VARIOUS VARIETIES

An important role in the metabolism of ripening plant fruits is assigned to such a group of biologically active substances (BAS) as organic acids. This group of compounds accumulates in the fruits of plant objects in significant quantities, and the nature of the accumulation is in close relationship with metabolic processes, and is also determined by the influence of environmental factors, species and varietal characteristics of the plant. One of the promising plant sources of this group of BAS is the fruits of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.). On the example of the fruits of ten different varieties of this plant, a comparative study of the profile of free organic acids was carried out using a complex of different methods of analysis (capillary electrophoresis (CE), thin layer chromatography (TLC), titrimetry). The cultivars with the maximum and minimum accumulation of BAS were identified. It was found that the composition of organic acids for the representatives of the variety samples is not the same, the maximum separation of chromatographic zones is observed in the variety «Ryabinovaya», the minimum - in the varieties «Stolichnaya», «Galerit», «Botanicheskaya», «Botanicheskaya amateur». The studied fruits were found to contain oxalic, malic, succinic and tartaric acids, identified using reliable standard samples. In the course of the research, specific marker zones were established, which can characterize the belonging of the fruits to a particular variety. The most informative is the method of СE, as it allows for one analytical procedure to carry out the qualitative and quantitative determination of free organic acids in acid and salt forms. However, complete information on the composition and quantitative content of acids can be obtained only by combining TLC and CE methods.

THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE FRACTIONS OF THE AERIAL PART OF CULTIVATED CHICORY AND THEIR ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY

Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is a biennial or perennial herb of the Asteraceae family, growing in the Russian Federation under natural conditions in meadows, forest glades, grassy slopes, as well as on wastelands, fields, overgrown dumps and roadsides. Along with the wild-growing chicory, breeding varieties of cultivated plants are also known, intended for obtaining roots, while the aboveground part, which is a root rosette of leaves, is a production waste. The purpose of this study was to study the qualitative composition and antioxidant properties of biologically active substances (BAS) of the aerial part of cultivated chicory and to assess the potential for using secondary raw materials of this plant in the pharmaceutical industry for obtaining medicines. As a result of the study by HPLC-UV-MS / MS, it was found that the phenolic complex of the aerial part of the cultivated chicory is represented by phenol carboxylic acids - esters of caffeic, ferulic, coumaric acids with organic acids (quinic and tartaric) in various combinations; trace amounts of oxycoumarins (chicoriin); flavonoids (glycosides of quercetin, luteolin and isorhamnetin). The study of the antioxidant properties of BAS fractions of different polarity showed that the ethyl acetate fraction has the highest activity. It was found that the main dominant compound of this fraction is cichoric acid, which suggests that it is this metabolite that makes a decisive contribution to the antioxidant activity of the fraction and the extract as a whole.

FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS FROM WASTE PAPER. III. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MORPHOLOGY OF POWDER CELLULOSES AND CELLULOSE HYDROGELS

The morphology of hydrogels regenerated from solutions of waste paper and cardboard in DMAс/LiCl was studied for the first time in comparison with the morphology of pristine samples and powder celluloses isolated from waste paper. Two sets consisted every of them from 4 samples, pristine waste paper or cardboard, powder cellulose, swollen hydrogel and freeze-dried hydrogel, were examined with a SEM. As revealed by SEM, the freeze-dried hydrogels are porous systems with a variety of through pores in a wide range of sizes. The number, shape, and size of pores, as well as their availability, differed markedly. The pore sizes in freeze-dried hydrogels obtained from the waste paper are mostly ranged at 30-50 nm. The smallest pores in the waste cardboard are 30-40 nm in size, the largest ones are up to 4 μm. According to the results of the study, these samples will have satisfactory sorption properties but, due to the different morphology of the porous system, the availability of each sample is likely to vary significantly.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN ON THE CONTENT OF FATTY OIL AND OTHER BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN THE FRUITS OF MILK THISTLE SPOTTED

The object of the study was the fruits of milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L) Gaertn.] and fatty oil obtained from them by hexane extraction in the Soxlet apparatus. The aim of the study was to study the influence of natural and climatic conditions on the accumulation of fatty oil and other biologically active substances in the fruits of milk thistle growing on the territory of the Republic of Dagestan. It was found that the content of fatty oil and proteins in the fruits of milk thistle increases with a decrease in air temperature, an increase in the amount of precipitation and soil moisture at the place of growth; the content of carbohydrates and flavolignans in the studied samples of milk thistle fruits is inversely dependent on the content of fatty oil. It was revealed that with an increase in the amount of precipitation and a decrease in the amount of active temperatures during the change of the natural and climatic zone from the foothill Kaitagsky to the high-mountain Kulinsky district, the total content of unsaturated fatty acids, primarily linoleic acid, in milk thistle oil samples decreases. The method of differential scanning calorimetry has been used to study the thermophysical properties of the fatty oil of milk thistle growing in the Kulinsky, Levashinsky and Kaitagsky districts of Dagestan. The results of the thermal analysis are in good agreement with the conclusions obtained from the results of chemical and chromatographic analysis, differential scanning calorimetry allows us to identify trends in the change in the fatty acid and triglyceride composition of milk thistle fatty oil, depending on the natural and climatic conditions of the growth of milk thistle.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LIPOPHILIC FRACTIONS OF SHOOTS OF THREE SPECIES OF THE GENUS CRATAEGUS L.

The article presents research of the chemical composition of lipophilic fractions of shoots Crataegus sanguinea Pall. (Rosaceae), Crataegus submollis Sarg. (Rosaceae) and Crataegus almaatensis Pojark. (Rosaceae). Lipophilic extract is obtained from petroleum ether. The components of the lipophilic fraction were separated and identified by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. 36 compounds were identified in lipophilic fractions: hydrocarbons, fatty acids, sugars, phenolic compounds, diterpenoids and sterols. Their presence may determine the pharmacological properties of hawthorn shoots. These research expand information about the chemical composition of these hawthorn species and can be used in the development of a new drug.