Operationelle in-situ Messungen von Luftschadstoffen und Klimagasen im nationalen und internationalen Kontext

<p>Im Unterschied zu Forschungsinfrastrukturen in anderen Disziplinen, zeichnen sich Forschungsinfrastrukturen für Umweltbeobachtungen in der Regel durch langfristige Messungen zahlreicher Parameter mit verschiedenen Instrumenten an unterschiedlichen Orten aus. Bodengestützte, atmosphärische Beobachtungen von Luftschadstoffen und Klimagasen können unterschiedliche Ziele verfolgen, wie zum Beispiel die Überwachung regulatorischer Massnahmen und die Einhaltung von Grenzwerten, die wissenschaftliche Untersuchung von Variabilitäten und Trends, die Validierung von Modellrechnungen und Satellitenbeobachtungen oder die Früherkennung von neu auftretenden Substanzen. Die Qualitätskontrolle und Qualitätssicherung müssen nicht nur dem dezentralen Charakter der Beobachtungen Rechnung tragen, sondern auch sicherstellen, dass die der Fragestellung angepassten Datenqualitätsziele erreicht werden. Zusätzlich müssen Beobachtungen, die Teil von mehreren Messnetzen und Infrastrukturen sind, verschiedene Kriterien erfüllen, z.B. im Hinblick auf das Normal der Rückführbarkeit, die Präzision, aber auch bezüglich Dokumentation und Bereitstellung der Resultate in Datenbanken.</p> <p>Die Präsentation gibt einen Überblick über die langfristigen Luftqualitätsmessungen in der Schweiz im Rahmen des Nationalen Beobachtungsnetzes für Luftfremdstoffe (NABEL), ihre Einbettung in das European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP), die Kooperation mit den europäischen Forschungsinfrastrukturen ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observation System) und ACTRIS (Aerosols, Clouds, and Trace gases Research Infrastructure Network), und die Zusammenarbeit in globalen Aktivitäten wie dem Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) zur kontinuierlichen Messung von klimawirksamen und ozonabbauenden Substanzen und dem von der Weltorganisation für Meteorologie (WMO) koordinierten Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Programm.</p>

Integrated ecological monitoring in Wales: the Glastir Monitoring and Evaluation Programme field survey

The Glastir Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (GMEP) ran from 2013 until 2016 and was probably the most comprehensive programme of ecological study ever undertaken at a national scale in Wales. The programme aimed to (1) set up an evaluation of the environmental effects of the Glastir agri-environment scheme and (2) quantify environmental status and trends across the wider countryside of Wales. The focus was on outcomes for climate change mitigation, biodiversity, soil and water quality, woodland expansion, and cultural landscapes. As such, GMEP included a large field-survey component, collecting data on a range of elements including vegetation, land cover and use, soils, freshwaters, birds, and insect pollinators from up to three-hundred 1 km survey squares throughout Wales. The field survey capitalised upon the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH) Countryside Survey of Great Britain, which has provided an extensive set of repeated, standardised ecological measurements since 1978. The design of both GMEP and the UKCEH Countryside Survey involved stratified-random sampling of squares from a 1 km grid, ensuring proportional representation from land classes with distinct climate, geology and physical geography. Data were collected from different land cover types and landscape features by trained professional surveyors, following standardised and published protocols. Thus, GMEP was designed so that surveys could be repeated at regular intervals to monitor the Welsh environment, including the impacts of agri-environment interventions. One such repeat survey is scheduled for 2021 under the Environment and Rural Affairs Monitoring & Modelling Programme (ERAMMP). Data from GMEP have been used to address many applied policy questions, but there is major potential for further analyses. The precise locations of data collection are not publicly available, largely for reasons of landowner confidentiality. However, the wide variety of available datasets can be (1) analysed at coarse spatial resolutions and (2) linked to each other based on square-level and plot-level identifiers, allowing exploration of relationships, trade-offs and synergies. This paper describes the key sets of raw data arising from the field survey at co-located sites (2013 to 2016). Data from each of these survey elements are available with the following digital object identifiers (DOIs): Landscape features (Maskell et al., 2020a–c), https://doi.org/10.5285/82c63533-529e-47b9-8e78-51b27028cc7f, https://doi.org/10.5285/9f8d9cc6-b552-4c8b-af09-e92743cdd3de, https://doi.org/10.5285/f481c6bf-5774-4df8-8776-c4d7bf059d40; Vegetation plots (Smart et al., 2020), https://doi.org/10.5285/71d3619c-4439-4c9e-84dc-3ca873d7f5cc; Topsoil physico-chemical properties (Robinson et al., 2019), https://doi.org/10.5285/0fa51dc6-1537-4ad6-9d06-e476c137ed09; Topsoil meso-fauna (Keith et al., 2019), https://doi.org/10.5285/1c5cf317-2f03-4fef-b060-9eccbb4d9c21; Topsoil particle size distribution (Lebron et al., 2020), https://doi.org/10.5285/d6c3cc3c-a7b7-48b2-9e61-d07454639656; Headwater stream quality metrics (Scarlett et al., 2020a), https://doi.org/10.5285/e305fa80-3d38-4576-beef-f6546fad5d45; Pond quality metrics (Scarlett et al., 2020b), https://doi.org/10.5285/687b38d3-2278-41a0-9317-2c7595d6b882; Insect pollinator and flower data (Botham et al., 2020), https://doi.org/10.5285/3c8f4e46-bf6c-4ea1-9340-571fede26ee8; and Bird counts (Siriwardena et al., 2020), https://doi.org/10.5285/31da0a94-62be-47b3-b76e-4bdef3037360.

Evaluating the impact of global citizenship education programmes: A synthesis of the research

Given the calls to reinforce the accountability of education programmes, this review evaluated studies that evaluated K-12 global citizenship education (GCED) programmes to assess the evidence that such programmes improved the students’ global learning. There are no current reviews assessing the impact of GCED programmes in the US. The authors conducted an electronic search in the educational databases to review the studies that addressed the impact of GCED programmes between 2000 and 2019. We reviewed the abstracts based on specific criteria: 33 studies met the inclusion criteria. Most of the studies were rejected because they did not provide the whole information about the programmes. The final 22 studies were selected because they provided the complete description about the evaluation programme of GCED. The review examined the components and the measures of the programmes, the approaches for collecting and analyzing data. The outcomes of the evaluated programmes support the claim that these programmes succeeded in improving students’ global learning. However, our analysis revealed flaws in the studies evaluating the impact of the GCED programmes.

Integrated ecological monitoring in Wales: the Glastir Monitoring and Evaluation Programme field survey

The Glastir Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (GMEP) ran from 2013 until 2016, and was probably the most comprehensive programme of ecological study ever undertaken at a national scale in Wales. The programme aimed to (1) set up an evaluation of the environmental effects of the Glastir agri-environment scheme and (2) quantify environmental status and trends across the wider countryside of Wales. The focus was on outcomes for climate change mitigation, biodiversity, soil and water quality, woodland expansion and cultural landscapes. As such, GMEP included a large field survey component, collecting data on a range of elements including vegetation, land cover and use, soils, freshwaters, birds and insect pollinators from up to 300 1 km squares throughout Wales. The field survey capitalised upon the UKCEH Countryside Survey of Great Britain, which has provided an extensive set of repeated, standardised ecological measurements since 1978. The design of both GMEP and the UKCEH Countryside Survey involved stratified-random sampling of squares from a 1 km grid, ensuring proportional representation from land classes with distinct climate, geology and physical geography. Data were collected from different land cover types and landscape features by trained professional surveyors, following standardised and published protocols. Thus, GMEP was designed so that surveys could be repeated at regular intervals to monitor the Welsh environment, including the impacts of agri-environment interventions. One such repeat survey is scheduled for 2021 under the Environment and Rural Affairs Monitoring and Modelling Programme (ERAMMP). Data from GMEP have been used to address many applied policy questions, but there is major potential for further analyses. The precise locations of data collection are not publicly available, largely for reasons of landowner confidentiality. However, the wide variety of available datasets can be (1) analysed at coarse spatial resolutions and (2) linked to each other based on square-level and plot-level identifiers, allowing exploration of relationships, trade-offs and synergies. This paper describes the key sets of raw data arising from the field survey at co-located sites, 2013 to 2016. Data from each of these survey elements are available with the following Digital Object Identifiers. Landscape features, https://doi.org/10.5285/82c63533-529e-47b9-8e78-51b27028cc7f, https://doi.org/10.5285/9f8d9cc6-b552-4c8b-af09-e92743cdd3de, https://doi.org/10.5285/f481c6bf-5774-4df8-8776-c4d7bf059d40; Vegetation plots, https://doi.org/10.5285/71d3619c-4439-4c9e-84dc-3ca873d7f5cc; Topsoil physico-chemical properties, https://doi.org/10.5285/0fa51dc6-1537-4ad6-9d06-e476c137ed09; Topsoil meso-fauna, https://doi.org/10.5285/1c5cf317-2f03-4fef-b060-9eccbb4d9c21; Topsoil particle size distribution https://doi.org/10.5285/d6c3cc3c-a7b7-48b2-9e61-d07454639656; Headwater stream quality metrics, https://doi.org/10.5285/e305fa80-3d38-4576-beef-f6546fad5d45 ; Pond quality metrics, https://doi.org/10.5285/687b38d3-2278-41a0-9317-2c7595d6b882; Insect pollinator and flower data, https://doi.org/10.5285/3c8f4e46-bf6c-4ea1-9340-571fede26ee8; Bird counts, https://doi.org/10.5285/31da0a94-62be-47b3-b76e-4bdef3037360.

Nutrition Embedding Evaluation Programme: An Evaluation Technical Assistance Model for Supporting Civil Society Organizations to Conduct Quality Nutrition Impact Evaluations

The Nutrition Embedding Evaluation Programme (NEEP) was a global 4-year program (2013–2017) funded by the United Kingdom Department for International Development created to respond to gaps in the nutrition evidence base. The NEEP implementing agency—PATH—provided grants and evaluation technical assistance (ETA) to civil society organizations (CSOs) from 12 countries to conduct robust nutrition-related impact evaluations. The programmatic approach of having an intermediary agent to manage the funding and ETA mechanisms for nutrition impact evaluations is rare and therefore provides a unique opportunity to understand its effectiveness. Over the program duration, NEEP collected lessons learned that were analyzed and disaggregated into key themes considered critical for the completion of high-quality impact evaluations. From these lessons learned, NEEP provides an ETA program model that can be replicated or adapted to other international development sectors. This model highlights the key role of the three tiers (donor, ETA manager, and CSOs) in ensuring the best value for money and effective technical support for conducting impact evaluations and fostering the importance of knowledge uptake and evaluative culture for maximum knowledge diffusion. In this way, global research can be targeted to approaches that provide options to collaborate with the program implementers and contribute to a holistic evidence base to inform policy and programmatic decisions.