Natural Variability in Parent-Child Puzzle Play at Home

Here, we observed 3- to 4-year-old children (N=31) and their parents playing with puzzles at home during a zoom session to provide insight into the variability of the kinds of puzzles children have in their home, and the variability in how children and their parents play with spatial toys. We observed a large amount of variability in both children and parents’ behaviors, and in the puzzles they selected. Further, we found relations between parents’ and children’s behaviors. For example, parents provided more scaffolding behaviors for younger children and parents’ persistence-focused language was related to more child attempts after failure. Altogether, the present work shows how using methods of observing children at a distance, we can gain insight into the environment in which they are developing. The results are discussed in terms of how variability in spatial toys and spatial play during naturalistic interactions can help us contextualize the conclusions we draw from lab-based studies.

Understanding Parents’ Roles in Children’s Learning and Engagement in Informal Science Learning Sites

Informal science learning sites (ISLS) create opportunities for children to learn about science outside of the classroom. This study analyzed children’s learning behaviors in ISLS using video recordings of family visits to a zoo, children’s museum, or aquarium. Furthermore, parent behaviors, features of the exhibits and the presence of an educator were also examined in relation to children’s behaviors. Participants included 63 children (60.3% female) and 44 parents in 31 family groups. Results showed that parents’ science questions and explanations were positively related to children observing the exhibit. Parents’ science explanations were also negatively related to children’s science explanations. Furthermore, children were more likely to provide science explanations when the exhibit was not interactive. Lastly there were no differences in children’s behaviors based on whether an educator was present at the exhibit. This study provides further evidence that children’s interactions with others and their environment are important for children’s learning behaviors.

The Issue Of Attitude Towards Women In Boburnoma

The author of "Boburnoma" describes about the historical figures of his time: rulers, cultural and artistic figures, their position in society, and provides information about their marital status. The book focuses on how their wives, their children’s behaviors and clarifies the author's conclusions about the family as an integral part of society, his views on the influence of the family in determining the place of any person in social life. In this article, I will discuss the author’s progressive views on his time, in particular, his views on women and their role in society.

Association of Children’s Behavioral Changes and Parent-Child Relationship with Parental Anxiety under Home Confinement during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-sectional Study (Preprint)

BACKGROUND Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic, and mental health of children and parents are affected by confinement in home. While parental mental health is critical to the whole family’s psychological reaction to unusual situations, they are also affected by their children’s behaviors and parent-child relationship. OBJECTIVE To examine how the changes of children’s behaviors and parent-child relationship affect parental anxiety during this difficult time. METHODS A cross-sectional online investigation was conducted with snowbell sampling to collect the information about the behavioral changes of children and the anxiety of parents from February 23 to March 3, 2020. 642 participants who had children aged 3-17 yeas included in this study. Information about behavioral change of children was reported by parents with a questionnaire, parental anxiety was assessed with Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS, Chinese Version). The descriptive analysis were used to display the distribution of variables in respective domains. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of parental anxiety and potential variables. RESULTS This study included 642 participants (mean age 38.59±4.58, female 78.82%). The mean SAS-C score was 38.04±8.43. The percentage of anxiety was 9.81% (63/642) overall, and 8.10% (52/6642) for mild anxiety, 1.40% (9/642) for moderate anxiety, and 0.31% (2/642) for severe anxiety. Among children’s behaviors, decreased time of outdoor activity than usual was associated with a lower odd of parental anxiety, with an adjusted OR of 0.31 (95% CI, 0.11-0. 87). Parents’ satisfaction with children's behaviors was associated with a lower odd of parental anxiety (OR, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.05-0.35). In addition, we observed a significant association of worse behavioral performance than usual and worse family relationship than usual with anxiety among parents with the adjusted OR of 2.78 (95% CI, 1.35-5.73), and 2.67 (95% CI, 1.13-6.32), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Under the stay-at-home order during COVID-19 outbreak in China, worse behavioral performance of children than usual and worse family relationship than usual were associated with increased parental anxiety, while less outdoor activities time among children and being satisfied with children's behaviors were associated with reduced parental anxiety. Our finding suggested that family mental health support and promotion should consider the children’s behavioral regulation and parent-child relationship as essential components.