The Paramaters of Visual Art Assessment as a Measurement Instrument for Learning Products of Art Painting, Sculpture, Ceramic and Batik

Assessing learning products of visual art was unlike evaluating other learning products. Due to its relation to visual outcomes, the first assessment required proper sensitiveness and measurable references. The research was intended to be the effort to acquire parameters of visual art assessment, especially of art painting, sculpture, ceramic, and batik assessments. The findings could be used as instruments in various visual art learning activities. Data were collected by distributing a list, interviewing the informants, and having Focus Group Discussion. The respondents were visual art lectures in the Faculty of Arts and Literature in one of the state universities in norther island of Sumatera, Indonesia. They were excellent at visual art and equipped with required sensitiveness. Besides, they also had relevant education with art painting, sculpture, ceramic, and batik. The findings, in the form of assessment parameters, were first, parameters of visual art assessment were form similarity, proportion, spatial depth, technique, composition, content, ambiance, brightness, color harmony, and texture. Secondly, parameters of non-figurative sculpture assessment were technique mastery, proportion, smoothness, expression, volume, space, and idea authenticity. Thirdly, parameters of figurative sculpture assessment were visual anatomy, proportion, motion effect, and drapery. Fourthly, parameters of ceramic assessment were technique mastery/finishing, innovation creativity, novelty, smoothness, expression, harmony, and need (market need). Last, parameters of batik assessment were technique, authenticity, modernity, color harmony, innovativeness, need finishing, and affordability.

A State-of-the-Art Assessment of US and EU C-ITS Security Solutions

In the near future with the innovative services and solutions being currently tested and deployed for cars, homes, offices, transport systems, smart cities, etc., the user connectivity will considerably change. It means that smart devices will be connected to the internet and produce a big impact on the internet traffic, increasing the service demand generated by devices and sensors. However most of these devices are vulnerable to attacks. Hence, the security and privacy become a crucial feature to be included in towards its appropriate deployment. Interconnected, cooperative, service-oriented devices and their related hardware/software solutions will contain sensitive data making such systems susceptible to attacks and leakage of information. Therefore, robust secure communication infrastructures must be established to aid suitable deployment. This chapter is a state-of-the-art assessment of US and EU C-ITS security solutions.