Status of the ‘Mangrove tunicate’ Ecteinascidia turbinata (Ascidiacea: Perophoridae) in the Mediterranean Sea

The ascidian Ecteinascidia turbinata is reported from Maltese waters for the first time. Mature colonies were recorded on artificial substrata at two different sites (and on natural substrata at one of these), 4 km apart, during the summer months. The appearance of this ascidian is expected to be seasonal as the winter temperature in Malta may fall below that required for the maintenance of zooid growth. A second species, E. moorei, which was described in 1890 is here confirmed to be the same as E. turbinata, meaning that the species has existed in the Mediterranean since at least ~1880. The possibility that the Mediterranean population is a relic one from warmer periods cannot yet be excluded, so it is best described as being cryptogenic. The species appears to be spreading slowly, perhaps as a result of the rise in surface sea temperature. The Maltese sites offer an opportunity to monitor the species as they are accessible dive sites. This will allow assessment of whether this species remains restricted to these sites, or if it spreads perhaps to impact other species.

FECUNDIDAD Y PRIMERAS FASES DEL DESARROLLO LARVAL DE LA ASCIDIA ECTEINASCIDIA TURBINATA (ASCIDIACEA: PEROPHORIDAE) EN CUBA

Zooids (the total amount of ovocytes, embryos, and larvae in larval release stage zooids), colonial (zooids mean fecundity per number of mature zooids on resorption or releasing larvae colonies) fecundity and the characteristics and duration of the early larval stages of the ascidian Ecteinascidia turbinata (Ascidiacea: Perophoridae) are given. The ascidian colonies were collected from non-estuarine mangroves in the NW region of Cuba. An average of 41 ± 12 ovocytes, embryos, and larvae were counted in 200 zooids of 17- 31 mm length from 20 colonies gathered during different months and sites. Ascidian colonies of 163 mm length and 252 zooids average produced 10590 larvae as average per colony during each generation-degeneration cycle that lasts about 40 days. Zooids and colonial fecundity were very variable in zooids and colonies with similar reproductive stage, but a high correlation (r = 0.84) between colonial fecundity and number of zooids per colony was found. Ascidian colonies prior to larvae release stage were placed in 10-liter glass aquaria. The experiments were carried out on September and November, 2000. Water temperature ranged between 23 and 30 ºC. The biggest larval release took place between 10:00 and 14:00 h. Average total length (TL) of larvae leaving the parental zooid was 2.7 mm. The larvae planktonic stage lasted 4 to 8 hours, attaining 3.1 mm (TL). Metamorphosis and larvae settlement lasted 8 to 12 hrs, and exogenous feeding began at 19 hrs. The juvenile zooid measured between 1.3 and 2.05 mm, and 9 % of the larvae completed the metamorphosis.

Inventory of ascidians (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) from the National Park La Restinga, Isla Margarita, Venezuela

Although ascidians form a conspicuous part of sessile assemblages in the Caribbean, no specialized inventories have been developed in Venezuela, except for a list of 15 species reported from Margarita Island (1984). Here we present the results of a taxonomic workshop held in the Universidad de Oriente, Boca del Rio, Margarita Island during April 20-25 of 2009, sponsored by the NaGISA-Caribbean Sea program. La Restinga National park was surveyed and we found 29 species belonging to 19 genera and 10 families. The most abundant colonial species were Clavelina oblonga, Aplidium accarense, Polyclinum constellatum, Distaplia bermudensis, Symplegma rubra, S. brakenhielmi, Botrylloides nigrum and Ecteinascidia turbinata. Among the solitary ascidians Phallusia nigra, Ascidia curvata, Microcosmus exasperatus, Styela canopus, Styela sp.1 and Styela sp. 2 were the most abundant. The ascidian diversity in this lagoon is one of the highest for similar habitats in the Caribbean and seven species are new registers for Venezuela (Ascidia curvata, Ecteinascidia styeloides, Aplidium accarense, Distaplia stylifera, Trididemnum orbiculatum, Symplegma rubra, and S. brakenhielmi). One point of concern for the conservation of la Restinga National Park is the presence of possible introduced species, and some management procedures are suggested.