A Collective Case Study: Parent-Child Sexual Health Communication of Current and Former Teen Parents in Lawrence County, Indiana

Background/Objective: In Lawrence County, Indiana, the birth rate for females ages 15-19 is 32.2 births per 1,000, which is significantly higher than the national average of 18.8. Project UNITE, a collaboration between the Lawrence County Pregnancy Coalition and the IU School of Public Health, aims to address this issue through a multifaceted evidence-based intervention. Since parent-child communication shapes values and behaviors, a collective case study was conducted with current and former teen parents to explore their perceptions of sexual health communication with their parents and, if applicable, with their children. Methods: Of the 58 semi-structured telephone interviews conducted through Project UNITE, eight were selected for this study based on transcript availability and identification as a current teen parent (2) or former teen parent (6). All participants recalled whether they had sexual health conversations with their parents and the extent of the discussions. Five shared experiences talking with their children. Deductive and inductive approaches were used to generate themes, which were then analyzed. Results: Most participants (7 of 8) reported little to no communication about sexual health with their parents due to a lack of comfortability, limited desire, and poor relationships. In contrast, all respondents with children over the age of five (5 of 5) reported open and frequent conversations with them. Several (3 of 8) recommended providing parents with resources about initiating discussions, and some suggested (2 of 8) a community program to promote sexual health communication. Conclusions/Potential Impact: The results revealed that while teen parents experienced a lack of sexual health conversations with their parents, they favored open and honest communication with their children. Barriers related to comfortability and knowledge could be alleviated through parental resources and parent-child programs. Medical professionals play a role in this solution by encouraging conversations about sexual health and engaging in educational programs.

The Foot of the Lake

In 2013, Dinkin reported an unexpectedly sharp dialect boundary in northern New York between the communities of Ogdensburg and Canton in St. Lawrence County: Ogdensburg exhibited the Northern Cities Vowel Shift (NCS) and very little evidence of the low back merger, while Canton showed low back merger nearing completion and no NCS. This article investigates the nature of this dialect boundary via new sociolinguistic interview data from eight neighboring communities: four along the St. Lawrence River and four 25 miles south of it. An east-west division is observed in merger incidence: the four communities to the west, including Ogdensburg, show relatively robust lot-thought distinction, though apparent-time trends toward merger exist; east of Ogdensburg, the merger is much more advanced. A similar sharp boundary may hold for the NCS raising of trap (though the data are spottier due to the NCS’s obsolescence). The geographical sharpness of this boundary suggests that it is not due merely to socioeconomic differences between communities. It may be due to historical patterns of transportation: in the nineteenth century, Ogdensburg was the easternmost navigable point of the upper St. Lawrence River, meaning communities east of Ogdensburg were not directly accessible to the Great Lakes shipping network.

Warwickite from St. Lawrence County, New York: Mineral association, chemical composition, cation ordering, and splitting of the warwickite M1 site

ABSTRACT Warwickite has been discovered in the Edwards and Balmat #3 mines in the Balmat-Edwards mining district, St. Lawrence County, New York, located in the Adirondack Lowlands. The samples from the two mines are similar in chemistry and atomic arrangement but differ chemically from previously described samples; they are among the most Fe-poor samples described to date. The warwickite in the Edwards Mine sample occurs as 1–2 mm-diameter green crystals associated with pink spinel, forsterite, phlogopite, and pyrite in an impure dolomitic marble, whereas warwickite in the specimens from the Balmat #3 mine, approximately 10 km distant, occurs as brown to amber colored, slender, elongate, millimeter-size crystals in a calcitic marble in association with pink spinel, phlogopite, anhydrite, pyrite, and galena. Chemical analyses of the two specimens by electron microprobe show similar empirical formulas of (Mg1.43Ti0.36Al0.18Cr3+0.02Zr0.01)Σ2.00B0.98O4 (Edwards Mine) and (Mg1.39Ti0.40Al0.18Cr3+0.01Zr0.01Fe2+0.01)Σ2.00B0.94O4 (Balmat mine). The atomic arrangement of a specimen from each mine was determined, and the high-precision refinements provide new insight into the warwickite structure. The M1 site in warwickite is split into two sites to accommodate two occupants with differing bonding requirements; the M1 site contains Mg and the M1′ site hosts Ti, with the two sites being separated by approximately 0.2 Å. The optimized structural formula for both warwickite samples is similar to [M1(Mg0.84Al0.14Ti0.024+)2.74M1′(Ti0.914+Mn0.082+Mg0.01)1.30]Σ4.04M2(Mg0.86Al0.10Ti0.044+)4.00B4O16], demonstrating ordering of Mg at M1 and M2 and Ti at M1′. The site-splitting demonstrates how divalent Mg and tetravalent Ti can exist at a site in solid solution by ordering the two cations at split sites.

Mineralogy of Chub Lake-Type Hematite Deposits in St. Lawrence County, NY

Numerous localities of specular hematite have been found in the Grenville Province in St. Lawrence County, New York. Here, we focus on six of them: the Dodge mine, the Chub Lake prospect, the Toothaker Creek prospect, the Bowman prospect, the Whitton prospect, and the Toothaker Pond prospect. We used literature research, interviews, and personal observations to establish the history of each site as a source of mineral specimens. We examined extensive holdings of specimens from each site in the New York State Museum. We used sight identification, chemical tests, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy as necessary to identify all the mineral species present. We had determinations made of the stable oxygen isotope content of quartz, hematite, and calcite from the Chub Lake prospect, reported as 18O relative to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW). We conclude that these occurrences formed from groundwaters at a temperature of about 170 °C in areas of low topography on the surface of the Precambrian basement rocks. Two hypotheses for this process are presented and evaluated. Well-crystallized specimens of bladed specular hematite and Cumberland-habit quartz are the most common minerals found. Noteworthy accessory crystallized minerals include barite, calcite, and goethite. All six deposits are relatively free of sulfides, so that secondary goethite formed from weathering of iron-rich carbonates at some sites. It is likely that more such deposits will be discovered in this region in the future.