Magnetoinductive waves in attenuating media

The capability of magnetic induction to transmit signals in attenuating environments has recently gained significant research interest. The wave aspect—magnetoinductive (MI) waves—has been proposed for numerous applications in RF-challenging environments, such as underground/underwater wireless networks, body area networks, and in-vivo medical diagnosis and treatment applications, to name but a few, where conventional electromagnetic waves have a number of limitations, most notably losses. To date, the effects of eddy currents inside the dissipative medium have not been characterised analytically. Here we propose a comprehensive circuit model of coupled resonators in a homogeneous dissipative medium, that takes into account all the electromagnetic effects of eddy currents, and, thereby, derive a general dispersion equation for the MI waves. We also report laboratory experiments to confirm our findings. Our work will serve as a fundamental model for design and analysis of every system employing MI waves or more generally, magnetically-coupled circuits in attenuating media.

Networks of Underwater Sensor Wireless Systems

Underwater wireless networks have been the subject of considerable attention in research and development by both academia and industry, while applications are expanding to a wide range of uses, including industrial, scientific, military, and environmental applications. The paper presents a analysis of the underwater wireless sensor network, a system that is promising to reveal the secrets of marine life and other underwater applications. The information about the underwater channel was listed with a focus on communication of both the acoustic and optical kind. Then, the node location strategies and related protocols for routing that can be applied to the desired communication type were discussed briefly. The hard environment and peculiar features of UWSNs are responsible for efficient communication between sensors in UWSNs. This paper proposes a robust and energy-efficient UWSN location-free routing system, based on constraint. RE-PBR takes into account three criteria, including performance, depth, and residual power connections, to balance energy consumption and to produce usable results. The findings of the simulation show that the proposed work decreases travel costs and by using less energy increases the network's life.