End-to-End Delay Bound for VR Services in 6G Terahertz Networks with Heterogeneous Traffic and Different Scheduling Policies

The emerging sixth-generation networks have to provide effective support to a wide plethora of novel disruptive heterogeneous applications. This paper models the probabilistic end-to-end delay bound for the virtual reality services in the presence of heterogeneous traffic flows by resorting to the stochastic network calculus principles and exploiting the martingale envelopes. The paper presents the network performance analysis under the assumption of different scheduling policies, considering both the earliest deadline first and the first-in-first-out queue discipline. Furthermore, differently from previous literature, the probabilistic per-flow bounds have been formulated taking into account a number of traffic flows greater than two, which results in a theoretical analysis that is remarkably more complex than the case in which only two concurrent flows are considered. Finally, the validity of the theoretical bounds have been confirmed by the evident closeness between the analytical predictions and the actual simulation results considering, for the sake of argument, four concurrent traffic flows with heterogeneous quality-of-service constraints. That closeness exhibits the ability of the proposed analysis in fitting the actual behavior of the system, representing a suitable theoretical tool to support resource allocation strategies, without violating service constraints.

Evaluasi Service Operation dan Pembuatan Dokumen Service Strategy Menggunakan Framwork ITIL Versi 3 (Studi Kasus : BPPW Jabar)

BPPW JABAR (Balai Prasarana Permukiman Wilayah Jawa Barat) under the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing Directorate General Cipta Karya, is a representative of the Central Government to support the Coordination function with the Regional Government, In the BPPW JABAR organizational structure, there is an Individual Consultant who is placed specifically to deal with obstacles experienced by the organization in the use of IT services, but in its application, there has never been an evaluation for any process of repairing the constraints experienced and documentation for the process of repairing IT service constraints, resulting in every obstacle never experienced repeated with the same case. That is because the number of people who handle IT problems is only 1 person and there is no IT work structure so that work is carried out based on continuous orders, if it continues to occur it will result in obstruction of existing business processes and processes, due to problem handling IT services are not completed quickly and precisely because of the limitations of people and lack of documentation for any problems that have been experienced and resolved. Not just repairing IT service constraints. In the BPPW JABAR organization the dependence on centralized data and secure data storage becomes a high need because every existing data is important and confidential data because it is related to planning data and the implementation of development in the field of Cipta Karya, so the need for an IT service for data storage centralized and can be shared specifically for the work environment of the BPPW JABAR organization and people who have access to the data. The steps taken are evaluating IT services in service operations to assess the level of readiness of the IT problem improvement process experienced by the organization while using IT services and to conduct a GAP analysis between the existing conditions of IT service improvement with the level of maturity expected by the organization in the process of improving IT services and design service strategy for related centralized data and can be shared.

Service constraints and willingness to pay in community-managed water supply services in Ghana

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to support the development of effective strategies that enhance community water supply systems. The study examined service constraints and willingness to pay for better services in community-managed water supply services using empirical evidence from beneficiaries of a small-town water supply system in Ghana.Design/methodology/approachA survey design of both descriptive and exploratory research is adopted, the descriptive survey handles the quantitative aspect, while the exploratory survey handles the qualitative aspect. The authors collected data using a structured survey questionnaire from 387 beneficiaries who were public standpipe and domestic users. Descriptive statistics, Kendall's coefficient of concordance and Cragg's two-step model were the methods of analysis employed.FindingsThe respondents ranked lack of capacity (managerial) as the topmost constraint of the community-managed water system. The findings indicate that 57% of the beneficiaries were not willing to pay, whiles 43% were willing to pay. Also, results from Cragg's two-step regression model indicate that different sets of factors affect willingness-to-pay and amount-to-pay decisions. The study revealed that while a willingness-to-pay decision is influenced by income, education, marital status and customer service, the estimated-amount-to-pay decision is more influenced by income and education.Originality/valueBuilding on the empirical evidence, the findings indicated that the water and sanitation management team can increase the current fee of GH¢ 5.00/1 m3 (≈US$ 0.87) by increasing beneficiaries charge for a bucket of water from GH¢ 0.10p (≈US$ 0.017) to GH¢ 0.21p (≈US$ 0.036) for better services within the community. Importantly, the additional charge should take into consideration income and education which were noted to significantly influence the beneficiary's amount-to-pay decision for better services in the community-managed water supply system.