Pelaksanaan The Sino-British Joint Declaration 1984 oleh Otoritas RRT Mengenai Pemberian Hak-Hak Otonomi bagi Wilayah Hong Kong

Hong Kong, a special autonomous region within the PRC's constitutional hierarchy, has a long history behind its privileges. It started with the defeat of the Qing Dynasty in a series of Opium Wars which ended with the 156-year rule of Hong Kong by the British which ended in 1997. However, the handover did not come easily. Based on The Sino-British Joint Declaration 1984, an international agreement made by Britain and China regarding the re-acceptance of Hong Kong, it promised Hong Kong to be an autonomous region for 50 years post-1997 except in the field of defence and cooperation with foreign powers. This article seeks to examine the implementation of The Sino-British Joint Declaration 1984 with a literature review method based on the rights it gives to the people of Hong Kong and the reality in daily life. Keywords: Implementation; The Sino-British Joint Declaration 1984; Hong Kong; Autonomy; International Agreement.AbstrakHong Kong yang merupakan sebuah wilayah otonomi khusus dalam hierarki ketatanegaraan RRT memiliki sejarah yang panjang yang melatarbelakangi keistimewaannya. Dimulai dari kekalahan Dinasti Qing dalam rentetan Perang Candu yang berakhir dengan penguasaan Hong Kong oleh Inggris selama 156 tahun yang berakhir pada 1997. Akan tetapi, penyerahan tersebut tidak terjadi dengan mudah. Berdasarkan The Sino-British Joint Declaration 1984, sebuah perjanjian internasional yang dibuat oleh Inggris dan RRT mengenai penerimaan kembali Hong Kong, ia memperjanjikan Hong Kong menjadi wilayah otonom selama 50 tahun pasca-1997 kecuali pada bidang pertahanan dan kerja sama dengan kekuatan asing. Artikel ini berusaha mengkaji penerapan The Sino-British Joint Declaration 1984 dengan metode kajian kepustakaan berdasarkan hak-hak yang diberikannya kepada rakyat Hong Kong dan kenyataannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.Kata Kunci: Pelaksanaan; The Sino-British Joint Declaration 1984; Hong Kong; Otonomi; Perjanjian Internasional.

A Greek Tragedy in China

Thomas de Quincey endorsed the Opium Wars in his journalism. Yet his China essays invoke ideas from Greek tragedy, and his ‘Theory of Greek Tragedy’ expresses British jingoism. Such a connection was topical: the Canton Register stirred controversy over Qing officials’ description of Europeans as yi (夷‎) with reference to classical conceptions of barbarism. Classical literature is crucial to de Quincey’s identity; he wields this as a master-knowledge against such Sinologists as Thomas Taylor Meadows when debating the Arrow crisis. Classical allusions reveal that his hatred of China is ultimately self-loathing: figures such as the classical daimon show that de Quincey identifies with those who have ceded agency to an outside force, and in his opium addiction he resembles China as much as he does the Malay in Confessions of an English Opium Eater. By reference to tragedy he proposes violence that is symbolic rather than real.

Opium

This chapter takes three historical moments—the opium wars, the ‘war on drugs’, and the ‘war on terror’, and uses these episodes to demonstrate the various ways in which interests over opium are caught up in, interrelated with, and co-productive of, international legal regimes. In particular, the chapter focuses on the ways in which opium illuminates paradoxes around and within the concept of sovereignty, and specifically how opium as an object of international law has enabled interventions in sovereign states. Physical interventions in sovereign territory, economic interventions enabled by laws that concern both the facilitation and prohibition of trade, and moral interventions based on standards of morality and civilization are considered.