scholarly journals Pelaksanaan The Sino-British Joint Declaration 1984 oleh Otoritas RRT Mengenai Pemberian Hak-Hak Otonomi bagi Wilayah Hong Kong

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1509
Author(s):  
Ken Bagus Setya Dharma
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
International Agreement ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Joint Declaration ◽  
The People ◽  
Opium Wars

AbstractHong Kong, a special autonomous region within the PRC's constitutional hierarchy, has a long history behind its privileges. It started with the defeat of the Qing Dynasty in a series of Opium Wars which ended with the 156-year rule of Hong Kong by the British which ended in 1997. However, the handover did not come easily. Based on The Sino-British Joint Declaration 1984, an international agreement made by Britain and China regarding the re-acceptance of Hong Kong, it promised Hong Kong to be an autonomous region for 50 years post-1997 except in the field of defence and cooperation with foreign powers. This article seeks to examine the implementation of The Sino-British Joint Declaration 1984 with a literature review method based on the rights it gives to the people of Hong Kong and the reality in daily life. Keywords: Implementation; The Sino-British Joint Declaration 1984; Hong Kong; Autonomy; International Agreement.AbstrakHong Kong yang merupakan sebuah wilayah otonomi khusus dalam hierarki ketatanegaraan RRT memiliki sejarah yang panjang yang melatarbelakangi keistimewaannya. Dimulai dari kekalahan Dinasti Qing dalam rentetan Perang Candu yang berakhir dengan penguasaan Hong Kong oleh Inggris selama 156 tahun yang berakhir pada 1997. Akan tetapi, penyerahan tersebut tidak terjadi dengan mudah. Berdasarkan The Sino-British Joint Declaration 1984, sebuah perjanjian internasional yang dibuat oleh Inggris dan RRT mengenai penerimaan kembali Hong Kong, ia memperjanjikan Hong Kong menjadi wilayah otonom selama 50 tahun pasca-1997 kecuali pada bidang pertahanan dan kerja sama dengan kekuatan asing. Artikel ini berusaha mengkaji penerapan The Sino-British Joint Declaration 1984 dengan metode kajian kepustakaan berdasarkan hak-hak yang diberikannya kepada rakyat Hong Kong dan kenyataannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.Kata Kunci: Pelaksanaan; The Sino-British Joint Declaration 1984; Hong Kong; Otonomi; Perjanjian Internasional.

scholarly journals Understanding Uighur Terrorism: The Human Needs Theory

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
Derek McGrath ◽  
Jonathan Matusitz
Keyword(s):  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Islamic Movement ◽  
Human Need ◽  
The Media ◽  
Basic Human Needs ◽  
Needs Theory

This paper applies the Human Needs Theory to Uighur terrorism. The theory posits that people become violent when their basic human needs are unfulfilled, denied, or taken away from them. Also referred to as the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM), Uighur terrorists are a minority group of Muslim extremists in the western Chinese Autonomous Region of Xinjiang. Until the mid-1700s, they were considered a peaceful group, but when they lost their autonomy during the Qing dynasty rule (until 1910), and faced oppression by their new government, they resorted to violence. In this case, the Uighurs’ human need “stolen” by the Chinese was their identity. Not only is the Uighur issue underrepresented in the media; it has also received such negligible attention that most governments and scholars believe that the Autonomous Region of Xinjiang is mostly occupied by terrorists.

Food Riots in the Qing Dynasty

1982 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 767-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bin Wong
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Common Type ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
The People ◽  
Food Riots ◽  
Different Types

Competition over grain supplies produced conflict when the people controlling large stores of grain failed to sell or lend grain at prices and in quantities demanded by the people needing grain. These conflicts, known generally as food riots, took place within a general political economy of grain circulation that spanned a wide variety of local situations. A brief sketch of different types of grain circulation and forms of food rioting establishes the setting for case studies that show the range of possible food riot situations and official reactions to the problems posed by food riots. Materials from the case studies are then drawn on to address the general questions of why rioters acted as they did, why their actions became a common type of conflict in the Qing dynasty, and why food riots persisted through periods of political strength and weakness.

scholarly journals Mob Ideology or Democracy: Analyzing Taiping Rebellion’s Defeat and Revolution of 1911’s Triumph in Ending the Qing Dynasty

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
Bincheng Mao
Keyword(s):  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Regime Change ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Internal Conflicts ◽  
Taiping Rebellion ◽  
The People ◽  
Constitutional Reforms ◽  
Qing Government ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Revolution

This paper investigates the underlying factors that caused the Qing Dynasty of China to survive the Taiping Rebellion yet crumbled upon the Revolution of 1911. It first examines the ideological differences between the two attempts of regime change, followed by an exploration into the extent of foreign interference in determining the outcomes of the two events. Subsequently, the author analyzes the conflict between the constitutionalists and the absolute monarchists within the Qing court during the time of the Revolution in 1911. Ultimately, this paper concludes that the Qing dynasty survived the Taiping Rebellion yet crumbled upon the Xinhai Revolution because the latter’s San-min Doctrine, also known as the “Three Principles of the People,” drew support from within the Qing regional governments as its ideology gave them hopes of preserving powers, while the Taiping Rebellion’s mob ideology achieved the contrary; on top of this, the Revolution of 1911 faced a Qing government weakened by internal conflicts over constitutional reforms, and it also successfully prevented foreign powers from intervening on behalf of the falling imperial dynasty.

scholarly journals The Comprehensive Manchu–Han Banquet: History, Myth, and Development

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac Yue
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Han Chinese ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Modern Chinese ◽  
Broadcasting System ◽  
Crucial Information

Abstract In* terms of grandeur and extravagance, modern Chinese society tends to think of the Comprehensive Manchu–Han Banquet 滿漢全席 as the pinnacle of China’s culinary heritage. Its allure is best illustrated by what happened in 1977, when the Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS) commissioned a Hong Kong restaurant named Kwok Bun 國賓酒樓 to recreate the banquet according to its “original” recipes. The preparation took over three months, involved more than one hundred and sixty chefs, and resulted in a meal that featured more than one hundred dishes.1 Since then, there has been no shortage of efforts made by different individuals, restaurants, and organizations to follow suit and recreate the Comprehensive Manchu–Han Banquet in a contemporary setting. These different endeavours commonly claim that they follow the most authentic recipes. Little did they realise that there is no such thing as an authentic recipe. In fact, historians cannot even agree on which era saw the banquet begin, though the leading candidates all date to the Qing dynasty (1644–1911); these are the reign of the Emperor Kangxi (r. 1661–1722), the reign of the Emperor Qianlong (r. 1735–1796), and the dynasty’s last decades. This paper examines the accuracy of these claims by analyzing a sample menu for the Comprehensive Manchu–Han Banquet recorded during Qianlong’s reign. This menu contains crucial information about the feast’s formative stages, information that has not yet been properly addressed by academics researching this topic. By drawing attention to the traditional dietary customs of ethnic Manchus and Han Chinese, understood in the context of contemporaneous Chinese gastronomy (to supplement the menu’s lack of contextual information), this paper provides a better understanding of the Comprehensive Manchu–Han Banquet and of Chinese gastronomy in general, in terms of their history, development, and cultural significance.

scholarly journals Wakatobi Islands: Archaeological, Historical, and Maritime Tradition Perspectives | Kepulauan Wakatobi: Perspektif Arkeologi, Sejarah, dan Tradisi Maritim

SPAFA Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syahruddin Mansyur ◽  
Nani Somba ◽  
Rustam Awat ◽  
La Ode Ali Ahmadi ◽  
Hasliana Hasliana
Keyword(s):  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Past ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The People

Wakatobi Islands, which are located east of Buton Island, were part of the territory of the Buton Kingdom in the past. Wakatobi Islands cover an area known as a shipping route connecting the eastern and western regions of the Nusantara archipelago. The historical journey of the people of Wakatobi Islands led them to have a strong maritime tradition in Nusantara. This paper discusses issues related to the initial overview of the Wakatobi Islands from the perspectives of archaeology, history, and maritime traditions. The methods used include survey and observation as well as literature study and interviews. The results obtained provide a regional profile of the Wakatobi Islands, which shows that archaeological remains and the traditional fortresses spread in the area are residential sites that reflect the archaeological character of the islands. The identification that we have conducted on the ceramics shows that they date from at least the 15th century, with ceramics from the Qing dynasty (17th to 19th centuries) being the most dominant. The historical perspective also gives an understanding that the maritime tradition of the Wakatobi people has strong historical roots in the formation of communities in this region. Likewise, the history and maritime traditions of the Wakatobi people are correlated with archaeological remains which are the traces of immigrants who developed the communities of the Wakatobi Islands. Kepulauan Wakatobi yang terletak di sebelah timur Pulau Buton merupakan bagian dari wilayah kekuasaan Kesultanan Buton di masa lampau. Wilayah kepulauan ini adalah kawasan yang dikenal sebagai jalur pelayaran penghubung wilayah timur dan barat Nusantara. Perjalanan sejarah masyarakat Kepulauan Wakatobi sekaligus mengantarkan wilayah ini memiliki tradisi kemaritiman yang kuat di nusantara. Tulisan ini membahas permasalahan terkait tinjauan awal Kepulauan Wakatobi dipandang dari perspektif arkeologi, sejarah dan tradisi kemaritiman. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode survei atau observasi dan juga studi pustaka dan wawancara. Hasil yang diperoleh memberi pemahaman tentang profil wilayah Kepulauan Wakatobi bahwa tinggalan arkeologi dan persebaran benteng tradisional merupakan situs hunian yang merefleksikan karakter arkeologi kepulauan wilayah ini. Identifikasi awal yang kami lakukan, data keramik menunjukkan pertanggalan mulai sebelum atau pada abad ke-15, dimana keramik periode Qing abad ke-17 dan 19 adalah paling dominan. Perspektif sejarah juga memberi pemahaman bahwa tradisi kemaritiman masyarakat Wakatobi memiliki akar sejarah yang kuat dari terbentuknya komunitas masyarakat di wilayah ini. Demikian juga dengan sejarah dan tradisi kemaritiman masyarakat Wakatobi berkorelasi dengan tinggalan arkeologi sebagai jejak kehadiran pendatang dari luar wilayah yang membentuk masyarakat Kepulauan Wakatobi.

Grammatical Descriptions in Manchu Grammar Books from the Qing Dynasty

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Takashi Takekoshi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper, we analyse features of the grammatical descriptions in Manchu grammar books from the Qing Dynasty. Manchu grammar books exemplify how Chinese scholars gave Chinese names to grammatical concepts in Manchu such as case, conjugation, and derivation which exist in agglutinating languages but not in isolating languages. A thorough examination reveals that Chinese scholarly understanding of Manchu grammar at the time had attained a high degree of sophistication. We conclude that the reason they did not apply modern grammatical concepts until the end of the 19th century was not a lack of ability but because the object of their grammatical descriptions was Chinese, a typical isolating language.

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