A framework based on logarithmic contractancy is proposed to produce versatile shapes of yield surfaces for structured anisotropic clays. The recently proposed constitutive model (E-SCLAY1S) is an extension of existing model called S-CLAY1S, which is a Cam Clay type model that accounts for anisotropy and structure. A new parameter called contractancy parameter is introduced to control the shape of the yield surface as well as the plastic potential (as an associated flow rule is applied). This new parameter can be used to fit the coefficient of earth pressure at rest, the undrained shear strength or the stiffness under shearing stress paths predicted by the model. The model predicts the uniqueness of the critical state line and its slope is independent of the contractancy parameter. The effect of the shape of the yield surface was investigated on computed results of a benchmark embankment constructed on Bothkennar (Scotland) clay by employing the E-SCLAY1S model as a user-defined soil model into the PLAXIS finite element code. The results demonstrate that the contribution of the shape of yield surface (logarithmic contractancy parameter) have a relatively large effect on lateral movement of subsoil beneath the toe of the embankment compared to the settlement of subsoil at the centre of the embankment.
Analysis of ground surface settlement in anisotropic clays using XGBoost and RFR models
