Dynamic Equicorrelation Analysis of Financial Contagion: Evidence from Latin America Markets

This research employs the multivariate autoregressive moving average-generalized autoregressive conditionally heteroscedastic-dynamic equicorrelation (ARMA-GARCH-DECO) model to identify contagion among Latin American financial markets during financial turmoil period. We analyze the dynamic conditional correlations among 18 American Depositary Receipts (ADR), 8 Exchange Traded Funds (ETF) and 6 Foreign Exchange Rates (Forex). Our sample includes daily closing prices from April 1, 2014, to January 29, 2021, for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. Results find long-run properties in the volatility of most instruments including those belonging to defensive super sector implying that defensive super sector and basic materials are the most impacted sectors during the last financial crises. We present evidence that in times of economic disruption like in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, those financial assets do not act as safe harbor investments since they are relatively more correlated during period of financial crises than in normal periods. Our findings have policy implications and are of interest to practitioners who look a better understanding of the dynamics of spillovers among the behavior of emerging financial assets. JEL classification numbers: C58, D53, G15. Keywords: Dynamic equicorrelation model, Latin America, American Depositary Receipts, Exchange Traded Funds, Foreign Exchange Rates, ARMA-GARCH.

Associação da Evidenciação do Gerenciamento de Riscos com Governança Corporativa e Desempenho em Empresas com ADRs

Objetivo: Este estudo analisa a associação da evidenciação do gerenciamento de riscos com governança corporativa e desempenho em empresas brasileiras com American Depositary Receipts (ADRs). Fundamento: Os investidores podem incorporar informações de risco em suas decisões, assim as evidenciações das ações sobre o gerenciamento de riscos podem estar alinhadas à atividade operacional e aumentar o desempenho organizacional e conduzir a relação entre organização e sociedade por meio da governança corporativa. Método: A amostra consistiu das 37 empresas não financeiras com os dados disponíveis do período de 2010 a 2014. O Índice de Evidenciação da Gestão de Riscos foi apurado mediante a leitura dos relatórios da administração e atribuição de pesos para cada tipo de risco encontrado, seguida de aplicação da técnica da entropia da informação. Já os dados para governança corporativa (direito de controle e diferença entre direito de controle e direito sobre o fluxo de caixa do acionista controlador) e desempenho empresarial (Margem Bruta, Retorno sobre o Patrimônio Líquido e Ativo Total) foram extraídos da Economática®. Resultados: A análise da correlação de Spearman indica que empresas maiores, considerando o Ativo Total, tendem a evidenciar mais sobre a gestão de riscos. Porém, não se observou correlação significativa entre as variáveis de governança corporativa e o índice da evidenciação da gestão de riscos. Contribuição: Conclui-se que a evidenciação da gestão de riscos está relacionada à capacidade da empresa em fornecer informações de qualidade, com atributos de confiabilidade, relevância, precisão e integridade, que reflitam o desempenho da empresa e suas práticas de governança corporativa. Palavras-chave: Evidenciação. Gestão de riscos. Governança corporativa. Desempenho empresarial.

Determinants of foreign investment in Pakistan

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the effect of country- and firm-specific factors on foreign investment in Pakistan.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses time-series data for country-level determinants and uses panel data for 100 listed non-financial companies selected based on market capitalisation from 2005 to 2015.FindingsFindings suggest that the stock market returns and liquidity of the country significantly positively influence the foreign portfolio investment (FPI) in Pakistan. Whereas, economic growth surprisingly is negatively related to foreign portfolio investment. In addition, findings reveal that firm size, financial leverage, dividend yield and global depositary receipts (GDR) have a positive impact on the total foreign investment at firm level. Further, foreign institutional investors prefer to invest in those firms that are large, pay high dividends and issue GDR. Furthermore, findings suggest that foreign direct investors tend to invest in firms that are financially leveraged and have low capital gain yield.Practical implicationsAt the country level, this study recommends that stock market performance, economic growth and foreign reserves of the country should be maintained and improved to attract FPI. At the firm level, this study recommends issuance of global depositary receipts and high dividend payouts for those firms that are interested in institutional investment in Pakistan.Originality/valueTo the best of authors' knowledge, this study is the first that examines the effect of firm-level factors along with country-level factors on foreign investment in Pakistan.

Efeito tributário da adoção do ICPC 22 (IFRIC 23) nas empresas brasileiras emissoras de ADR

A aplicação da norma contábil ICPC 22 Incerteza sobre Tratamento de Tributos sobre o Lucro nas empresas brasileiras, norma equivalente ao IFRIC 23 Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments, entrou em vigor para as demonstrações financeiras a findar-se a partir de 01 de janeiro de 2019. A ICPC 22 tem como comparação, a norma norte-americana FIN 48 - Uncertain Tax Positions (atualmente ASC 740-10), adotada no exercício de 2007 para as empresas brasileiras registradas na Bolsa de Valo-res de Nova Iorque - NYSE. Esse artigo teve por objetivo estudar os possíveis impactos tributários, decorrentes da aplicação da ICPC 22 para as empresas brasileiras emissoras dos American Depositary Receipts (ADR). Como metodologia, selecionou-se uma amostra de empresas brasileiras emissoras dos ADR, e realizou-se o teste t para amostras pareadas, considerando as hipóteses de ter havido e não ter havido efeito da adoção da ICPC 22. Analisou-se ainda as divulgações das empresas selecionadas para a amostra, antes e após a adoção da interpretação, considerando as informações trimestrais de 31 de março de 2019 e 31 de março de 2018. Como resultado do teste concluiu-se que as empresas selecionadas não tiveram qualquer impacto decorrente da adoção da ICPC 22, confirmando dessa forma, a hipótese inicial de que não haveria impacto. Apesar de algumas diferenças existentes entre a norma internacional ou ICPC 22 e a norma norte-americana FIN 48, esse artigo teve como contribuição um maior entendimento sobre os efeitos tributários da aplicação da ICPC 22/IFRIC 23 nas empresas brasileiras.

Innovation and market liquidity: the case of ADRs

Purpose Patents and patent citations provide a solid signal to investors about a firm’s innovation agenda. This signal can be even more useful for investors demanding securities from foreign firms, given the asymmetric information and adverse selection risk they face. This study aims to examine the patenting activities in the USA performed by non-US companies that trade as American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) in US stock markets. Design/methodology/approach The authors examine the effect on the trading volume of a sample of ADRs following the publication of their first patent in the USA. Findings The results show that the publication of a first patent has no effect on the liquidity of these ADRs when compared with same-country ADRs without patents. Originality/value This study enriches the literature on the relation between innovation, information and the stock market.

International Financial Integration through Depositary Receipts (DRs)

The issue of liquidity and underdevelopment of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) stock markets has caused problems to companies in those countries that seek higher equity capital. One way out of this problem is to employ international markets more intensively by seeking cheaper cost of capital through Depositary Receipts (DRs). Many studies on DRs focused on emerging and developed countries, leaving many OIC countries behind. Thus, this study investigates the financial implication by examining the integration of returns of local and foreign stock markets via American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) and Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs) of OIC countries. Techniques employed in this study are cointegration and the speed of adjustments to examine the existence of integration between the local and foreign stock markets. The study covers a sample of 146 firms from 17 OIC countries that are cross-listed as ADRs or GDRs from 1992 to 2011. The findings show mixed results when some markets provide evidence of integration while others show evidence of segmentation. The study on the integration between DR and home equity markets has practical implications for both the international as well as domestic investors especially on portfolio selection, asset pricing and risk management

Compliance costs and comparability benefits of cross-listing

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine two channels through which accounting standard differences could affect cross-listing: compliance costs and/or comparability benefits. Design/methodology/approach The authors use two settings to disentangle the two channels. First, financial reporting requirements are more stringent for cross-listings via direct listings than cross-listings via depositary receipts; as a result, the effect of compliance costs (if any) would be manifested differently in the two venues of cross-listings. Second, some host countries allow foreign firms to report under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) without mandating IFRS for domestic firms; compared to host countries that mandate IFRS for both domestic and foreign firms, these IFRS-permitting countries provide a setting to test the importance of comparability benefits while holding constant compliance costs. Findings The authors find that prior to IFRS adoption, direct listings decrease with accounting standards differences between two countries while depositary receipts increase with such differences, consistent with the costs of complying with host country’s accounting standards affecting firms’ cross-listing decisions. After the harmonization of accounting standards, the authors find that IFRS-mandating host countries gain cross-listings from other IFRS-mandating jurisdictions, while IFRS-permitting countries do not experience such gains. These combined results suggest that accounting related compliance costs and comparability benefits both influence cross-listing decisions. Originality/value The paper employs unique settings that enable an in-depth examination of the role of compliance costs vs that of comparability benefits on cross-listing decisions. The settings employed by the authors allow them to disentangle the two channels and provide an important insight that accounting standard-related compliance costs and comparability benefits both affect cross-listing decisions.