Unconventional Monetary Policy through Open Market Operations: A Principal Component Analysis

This paper examines the unconventional monetary policies of the Bank of Japan from 2002 to 2019 with a focus on open market operations. We apply a principal component analysis to investigate the complexity of monetary policy. Our results identify four principal components that explain the variance of measures taken by the Bank of Japan and its operation of various facilities: asset purchase measures including Japanese Government Bonds (JGBs), Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs), and Japanese Real Estate Investment Trusts (J-REITs), and three different liquidity supply measures. Complexity differs substantially among different governorships of Fukui, Shirakawa (most complex), and Kuroda. We derive some conclusions from the increased complexity with implications for the economy.

THE SPILLOVER, RISK AND LEVERAGE EFFECTS OF SMART BETA MANAGEMENT EXCHANGE-TRADED FUND (ETF)

This research uses two different GARCH models to measure spillover, risk, and leverage effects of active, passive, and smart beta management Exchange-traded Funds (ETFs). The increase in popularity of ETFs and new categories within them, specifically the growth of smart beta management, means asset managers and investors have new metrics to account for when determining portfolio exposure following the Adaptive Investment Approach (AIA). The results show significant relationships among all groups regarding the spillover. A trend of positive multi-lateral spillover of returns among the three management types including passive, active and small beta is observed with smart beta showing the highest percentage of a bi-lateral positive effect. The strongest spillover of volatility effects is among the actively managed ETFs. The testing of risk results is insignificant, but the leverage effect results are consistent with the past studies showing the significant negative bi-lateral effect.

Exchange-Traded Funds

Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) sind sowohl für professionelle Investoren als auch für Privatanleger eine beliebte Anlageform. Mit ihnen können gezielt ganze Märkte oder bestimmte Themen abgebildet werden. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die verschiedenen Arten von ETFs, analysiert ihre Funktionsweise und gibt Einblicke in die mit dieser Anlageform verbundenen Risiken.

THE INFLUENCES OF STOCK MARKET ON EXCHANGE-TRADED FUND UNDER THE THRESHOLD EFFECT OF MONETARY POLICY IN CHINA

This paper estimates the smooth transition autoregressive model with exogenous variables to evaluate the effects of stock market returns on the exchange-traded funds’ (ETFs) returns in China with reserve requirement ratio (RRR) from monetary policy as a transition variable. The sample used in this study lasts from March 4, 2005 to June 30, 2017. The empirical result points out that there is the effect of RRR value on the relationship between stock market returns and ETF return. Moreover, these effects are variable depending on the conversion and its changes over time in different variations of threshold intervals. Lastly, the larger the change of China’s stock market variables’ lag period, the smaller the impacts on Chinese ETF return.

The Prospect of Investment Banking and Arbitration in the Space Economy

Morgan Stanley estimates that the global space industry could generate revenues of more than $1 trillion or more by 2040, up from over $400 billion currently. Do declining launch costs, technological advancements and a rising interest in the public sector make space the next trillion-dollar economy? The dynamics of the space sector has led wall street analysts to forecast that the space industry could become the next trillion-dollar industry by 2040. As of January 2018, the global space economy grew more than 8%, generating $414.75 billion in space activities.With unmanned scientific exploration, high levels of private funding advancement in technology the implications of investment for a more accessible, low cost into outer space is significant, with potential opportunities for improvement of the resources in space for profit-making and expansion of business concerns, the expanding interest of public sector migrate into the shift from private finding to public and herald the entrance of traditional finance There are fortunes and resources in the space economy which aids the activities of humans, as well as the bold exploration of countries to expand research and understand the limits use and the extent to the use in the space economy.This paper seeks to explore the prospects of investment banking activities in the growing space economy, seeing the growing development of exchange-traded funds already being explored in the space economy and the new regulations allowing Wall Street to do Venture Capital which expands the exploration of capital and buttresses the objective of raising capital by a major player, Space X which raised about $44 Billion and so grows the prospect of more banking activity. Furthermore, the possibilities that are inherent in the eventual proliferation of investment banking activities in the space industry will be addressed. In attempting to do justice to such a lofty idea, the universal need for funding in the world of business will be examined as a representation of the intersection between banking interests and space interests. The interplay of factors such as risk and understanding of business processes in the dynamics of any relationship between investment banking and the space industry will also be examined. The purpose of such analysis will be to afford an understanding of the role that investment banking has to play in the space industry, as an over text to the elements and characteristics of space activities that define the rate of the growth of the influence and applicability of investment banking to the peculiar needs and unique concerns associated with the pursuit of profitable business in the space economy. Lastly, this paper looks to give an account of the evolution of Space Dispute Arbitration, and how the existing legal mechanisms in force for directing arbitral awards have evolved in scope and flexibility since the first satellite launch. In general, and as a statement of fundamental purpose, this paper will attempt to provide a wide and sufficiently detailed representation of what the space industry is, the dynamics of space arbitration and how its resultant economic sector functions, in order to hypothesize on the part that investment banking has to play in its growth and in the maximization of its resultant profits for all shareholders involved.”

Does an Exchange-Traded Fund Converge to its Benchmark in the Long Run? Evidence from Ishares MSCI in Asia-Pacific Countries

This study examines the linkages between exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and their benchmark indices from 2013 to 2019 using iShares MSCI of ten Asia-Pacific countries. Our results show, first, that there is a long-run causality running from the benchmark index to ETFs. These findings imply that ETFs may replicate the performance of the benchmark index over the long run. Second, there is a unidirectional causal relationship from ETFs to the benchmark index in the short run, which indicates that benchmark index prices respond to the short-run changes in the ETF prices when new information is available. Third, there is a significant tracking error between ETFs and the benchmark index. This finding justifies the existence of stock selection and market timing abilities among the ETF managers. Lastly, fund managers add value to the ETFs and generate better than the market returns. This paper provides new evidence to support this new stylized fact of ETFs.

Predictive Value of Estimated Beta

The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is widely used in corporate finance to assess expected returns of securities and return on equity, and beta, a measure of systematic risk, is a component of the CAPM equation. Previous studies appear not to have addressed whether beta as a stand-alone metric allows individual investors to effectively assess returns relative to the market, and this study aims to address this. Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) reflecting a range of expected volatilities relative to the S&P 500 index were selected. Betas of XLK (Technology sector), XLE (Energy sector), XLU (Utilities sector), and XLY (Consumer Staples sector) were estimated by regressing their weekly returns over five years against those of the S&P 500 index. Three five-year periods were used (ending in 2005, 2010, and 2015). The betas largely conformed to anticipated values with the exception of that of XLY which was surprisingly greater than the market beta. Estimated and observed betas were compared using a two-tailed paired T-test and no difference was found, suggesting that estimated beta is statistically a good proxy for actual beta. In practical terms though, there were relatatively large variances in several instances between estimated and observed betas, and this could be a concern for investors. Returns using estimated beta and actual returns were also compared over one, two, three, four, and five years with regard to the three five-year periods. Significant variation was observed for expected minus observed returns both in sign and magnitude. A two-tailed paired T-test suggested there was a difference between returns using estimated beta and actual ones over the three five-year periods for all funds except XLE. The observations suggest betas are volatile and individual investors should incorporate additional metrics to forecast returns relative to the market.