Concealed Weapon Detection using Image Processing and Machine Learning

This research paper presents a study of concealed weapon detection using image processing and machine learning. In order to attempt to replace the traditional method of detecting hidden weapons i.e. x-ray method with an automated and possibly a less error prone procedure, potential alternate techniques such as neural networks and image fusion have been studied and explored to identify the best possible solution. We propose a method to fuse Thermal/IR image with the conventional RGB image or HSV image in order to reduce image noise and retain all the critical features of the image to achieve both weapon detection and facial feature extraction. Keywords: Image fusion; concealed weapon; feature extraction; neural network; thermal imaging

Influence of multiple reflections in simulation of scattering electromagnetic wave by objects of complex shape

Microwave imaging technique allows obtaining images of hidden objects in structures and media using microwaves. This technique has various applications such as: nondestructive testing, medical imaging, concealed weapon detection, through-the-wall imaging, etc. Obtaining radar images in these applications is based on processing phase and amplitude of the reflected signal recorded over an aperture (a microwave hologram). To design and evaluate the effectiveness of modern radars, to test the developed reconstruction algorithms, microwave holograms of various objects obtained under different conditions are required. Obtaining microwave holograms by experimental methods is associated with measuring the scattering fields of real objects. Such experiments are rather laborious and expensive. Therefore, the problem of modeling the processes of scattering of electromagnetic waves by the objects of study is very important. Since the implementation of rigorous methods for solving the scattering problem is associated with large computational costs, it is sometimes advisable to use various simplifications and assumptions to analyze scattering fields on objects of complex spatial configuration. One of these methods is the physical optics method, which is a very common method for calculating fields scattered from objects of various shapes. The physical meaning of the approximation of the physical optics approach is that the field on the surface of the scattering object is taken to be equal to the field in the absence of the object. In other words, multiple reflections of an electromagnetic wave between different parts of the object are not taken into account. The aim of this work is to study the influence of the effects of re-reflection of an electromagnetic wave and to reveal the dependence of the accuracy of the calculation of the scattered field, performed by the physical optics method, on the shape of scattering objects. A comparison of microwave holograms obtained by the physical optics method with the results of calculations using the computational electromagnetic software product FEKO is carried out. It was found that for objects consisting of separate elements, spatially separated in a plane parallel to the registering plane, rereflections have the strongest effect on the recorded microwave hologram of an object if a distance between the elements equal to about 65% of the wavelength. In general, for such objects, the degree of influence of multiple reflections is small, and they can be ignored when modeling microwave holograms. For objects consisting of separate elements spatially spaced in a direction perpendicular to the registering plane, the influence of multiple reflections is approximately five times greater than for the previous case. The greatest effect is observed when the distance between the elements is equal to 30% of the wavelength. Under such conditions, ignoring re-reflections when modeling microwave holograms can lead to incorrect results when reconstructing them. When modeling scattering by spatially extended solid objects, the degree of influence of re-reflections depends on the shape of the object: if the side of the object oriented to the registering plane of the microwave hologram is convex, then the influence is minimal, and if it is concave, re-reflections must be taken into account.