ECO-CRITICISM: HUMAN AND PHYSICAL WORLD RELATIONSHIP IN GULLIVER'S TRAVELS.

This research paper studies a relationship between literature and the physical world is known as eco-criticism. In English Literature Eco criticism refers to specific types of texts.The word "Eco-criticism" depicts the images of nature, forests, animals, birds, seasons, rivers, cities, and flowers. In addition to novels, eco-criticism contains drama, poetry, travel books,cartoons,fables, short stories,movies, songs,games,children's stories and this is an Old English literature concept that's still trendy today,from Beowulf to the present writer.Animals have existed from the beginning of history. That means animals were depicted in literature since the start of history.When Christianity was introduced to the world, the Holy Bible says God created birds, animals first, at last man, it is called natural theology, and also nature is divine. Critics said,for western people's experience on earth is different from other people on the earth,Westerners believed in "Nature's uncountable sounds... have been deafening." The contrast, which is promoted by social anthropology of animism, highlights an element in contemporary society at large connection towards the physical world which is also gradually becoming a central focus when it comes to the environment."The natural world is a social and cultural category." In animistic traditions, those few who believe that perhaps the natural environment is inspirited, not only human beings, and also for life of animals, trees, and even "inert" entities like stones. Rivers and seas are seen as articulate and sometimes intelligible beings, capable of communicating and interacting with humankind for good and bad.There is also the language of animals,air,horses,lions,seas,trees,in the novel of Gulliver's Travels and in this novel animal world also have politics, rules of their society, they won't allow outsiders, and have own food, medicine, the different body structure of animals,these are the things we can see in Jonathan Swift's Gulliver Travels in all four books.

Vernacular Cosmologies: Models of the Universe in Old English Literature

This article describes a tradition of early medieval cosmological thought in the prose and poetry of the Old English corpus. This Old English cosmology uses a small set of cosmological building blocks and a relatively limited vocabulary to describe and explore a variety of structural models of the Universe. In these texts – which include but are not limited to the Old English Prose Boethius, Ælfric’s De temporibus Anni, the Old English Phoenix, and The Order of the World – each structural model relies on a combination of terms for heaven, the firmament, and a cosmic-scale ocean and seafloor. These models, each distinct, appear to fall into two loose categories which may represent two schools of thought in vernacular cosmology.

Ofermod y heroísmo humilde: sobre la interpretación de Tolkien

This paper studies Tolkien’s interpretation of German heroism, taking as a starting point his essay-poem «The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm’s Son» on The Battle of Maldon. Through academic texts on Beowulf and Sigurd, as well as his own legendarium, his reading and contribution are explored, placing the latter in dialogue with the latest research, and detailing the lines and scope of his ideas. After locating the inflection point that Tolkien marked around the word ofermod(e), the historical, literary and religious components that base Tolkien’s interpretation will be explained, in line with the Anglo-Saxon poetic and heroic tradition. Through this, it will become clear that the humble heroism of the subordinate who faces the fatal fate to which his master has led him is rooted in clear examples of Old English literature, and that the darkness brought by the terrible enemy has a mythical dimension, which refers to the shadow and to hell. Finally, in light of the latest contributions, Tolkien’s interpretation will be reaffirmed and enriched, opening new research perspectives on his work

Homo heroicus in Old English Literature: Linguistic and Axiological Approach

В статье раскрывается специфика основных героических образов древнеанглийской литературы как художественной проекции темы героизма, которая являлась мировоззренческой доминантой периода VI–XI вв. н.э. Особенности репрезентации образов рассматриваются в зависимости от их жанровой природы. В статье применяется лингвоаксиологический подход к анализу героической личности. На стилистическом уровне речь идет о сюжетных функциях и лингвостилистических маркерах образов, на коммуникативном – поведенческих паттернах, на концептуальном – связи образов с аксиологемами древнеанглийской культуры. Образы героя и воина имеют истоки в архаичной мифопоэтической культуре, что репрезентировано на уровне их ономастикона. Различия в ценностном содержании этих образов обусловлены бо́льшим жанровым охватом образа воина, что приводит к раскрытию внутреннего мира героической личности. Доминантным чувством героической личности древнеанглийской литературы является чувство горя. Король героической эпохи интерпретируется как мудрый немолодой правитель, его образ проникнут христианским миросозерцанием.