Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant Capacity, and Enzyme Inhibitory Activity in Callus, Somaclonal Variant, and Normal Green Shoot Tissues of Catharanthus roseus (L) G. Don

This study aimed to investigate the impact of plant growth regulators, sucrose concentration, and the number of subcultures on axillary shoot multiplication, in vitro flowering, and somaclonal variation and to assess the phytochemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and enzyme inhibitory potential of in vitro-established callus, somaclonal variant, and normal green shoots of Catharanthus roseus. The highest shoot induction rate (95.8%) and highest number of shoots (23.6), with a mean length of 4.5 cm, were attained when the C. roseus nodal explants (0.6–1 cm in length) were cultivated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 2 µM thidiazuron, 1 µM 2-(1-naphthyl) acetic acid (NAA), and 4% sucrose. The in vitro flowering of C. roseus was affected by sucrose, and the number of subcultures had a significant effect on shoot multiplication and somaclonal variation. The highest levels of phenolics and flavonoids were found in normal green shoots, followed by those in somaclonal variant shoots and callus. The phytochemicals in C. roseus extracts were qualified using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 39, 55, and 59 compounds were identified in the callus, somaclonal variant shoot, and normal green shoot tissues, respectively. The normal green shoot extracts exhibited the best free radical scavenging ability and reducing power activity. The strongest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effects were found in the callus, with an IC50 of 0.65 mg/mL.

Molecular Characteristics of Cassava Carvita 25 Somaclonal Variant Using SSR Marker

Cassava is one of the most important food commodities besides rice and corn. Carvita 25 is a somaclonal variation that was induced from Adira IV cassava variety. Our study aimed to analyze the genetic differences of Carvita 25 compared to Adira IV by using SSR markers. Two cassava varieties, Carvita 25 and Adira IV, were used as plant materials and eleven SSRY primers were used to amplifythe fragments of cassava DNA. The results showed that SSRY 151 primer produced the highest polymorphic band (85.71%) where 6 out of 7 alels were polymoprphics with the length size from 120 to 600 bp. Of the total 56 of polymorphic bands, 26 alels were previously present in Adira IV but then it can not be found in Carvita 25, while 30 other bands were new fragments that were previously not present in Adira IV but then were present in Carvita 25. These genetic differencesof both Adira IV and Carvita 25 were also strengthened by the Jacard similarity value. The Jaccard similarity between Carvita 25 and Adira IV were 0.40-0.50, while the similarity between plants of Carvita 25 were 0.79-0.87, and in plants of Adira IV were 0.98- 1.These values showed thewide genetic difference between Adira IV and a somaclonal variation of Carvita 25.Keywords: cassava, Carvita 25, polymorphic, somaclonal variation, SSR Marker.