4. Confessions

Chapter 4 examines the extent to which evidence of a confession by an accused person may be utilized by the prosecution at trial. It discusses confessions and miscarriages of justice; mandatory and discretionary exclusions; ‘tainting’ of subsequent confessions; warnings on account of ‘mental handicap’; withdrawal of the case from the jury; partly adverse statements; the use of confessions contravening section 76(2) of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984; confessions admissible in evidence only against maker; use of a co-defendant’s confession by a defendant; the voir dire hearing; and reform of the law of confessions.

Stereotypes of people with intellectual disabilities in the perception of high school students

The article presents the results of the analysis of differences between men and women in terms of the intensity of stereotypical beliefs about people with intellectual disabilities. In the research, a diagnostic survey method was used, and in the construction of the research tool the Questionnaire of Stereotypical Perception of a Person with Mental Handicap (KSPOUU) by Maria Chodkowska and Beata Szabała (Osoby z upośledzeniem umysłowym w stereotypowym postrzeganiu społecznym, 2012) was used. The research involved 394 students, including 258 women (65.48%) and 136 men (34.52%) attending grades I, II or III of high school. As a result of the analyses carried out, it was found that although the level of intensity of stereotypes in the examined group was not high, they were not strongly rejected either. In addition, it turned out that the results obtained by women suggest that their beliefs about people with intellectual disabilities are less burdened with stereotypes than the beliefs of men. Research has confirmed that gender can be an important variable in analysing the perception of people with intellectual disabilities.

LIVES IN DARK: A STUDY OF COMMERCIAL CHILD SEX WORKERS IN KARACHI

Child prostitution is defined as a youngster is given cash or products by the culprit party previously or later than sexual relation, in any age children are liable to prostitution. The powerless and frequently misled youngster, there might be few or no elective alternatives. Unfortunately, children may regularly persuade themselves that they have settled on a free decision, instead of recognizing that their own lives are not in their control. Rising destitution is driving a developing figure of family unit to offer kids, along with girl child specifically get involved in sex work. The research study is basically qualitative. Recent situation analyses and reports shows acceleration in different security issues of children for example camel race, and the sexual commercial exploitation of children and juvenile justice. These incorporate physical and mental handicap children, from ethnic minorities and minimized populaces, children live and chipping away at the road, in strife with the law, kid outcasts, isolated kids without their families, kids in spots of contention and catastrophic events, marginalized sexual minority, kids living in ghettos and the offspring of sex workers. Children who have a place with a few of these gatherings are much more helpless. The sampling method is simple random because to find such children. A semi structured interview schedule was prepared before interviews.