Transnational by Default: Online Child Sexual Abuse Respects No Borders

Combatting child sexual abuse on the internet requires a high level of harmonisation of both substantive and procedural laws, as online child sexual abuse is transnational by default: while the transnational nature of child sexual abuse material used to be the exception before the advent of the internet, it is now the rule. In order to prosecute and investigate online child sexual abuse across country borders, states rely heavily on extraterritorial jurisdiction clauses as well as informal and formal law enforcement collaboration channels. This paper analyses existing channels in the opsc, Budapest Convention and Lanzarote Convention, particularly against the background of the recently published crc Committee Guidelines regarding the implementation of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography (crc/c/156), and provides for concrete guidance on how to ensure that the best interests of the child in the prosecution and investigation of transnational crimes such as online child sexual abuse is the primary consideration.

Legalization, Decriminalization or Criminalization; Could We Introduce a Global Prescription for Prostitution?

Context: Prostitution is a complex phenomenon defined as the provision of sexual services to receive something (goods or services) which is not sexual. Given the response of different societies and cultures to criminalization, decriminalization, or legalization of prostitution, this study aimed to compare the three aforementioned approaches to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of each view. Method: This narrative review study summarizes various views on how to control the prostitution phenomenon. To conduct this study, related articles in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases, as well as documents and reports published by Amnesty International, the World Health Organization, and the United Nations Office on AIDS, were investigated. There was no time limit for searching the articles and documents. Results: Different communities have their own responses to the prostitution phenomenon, depending on their economic, social, and cultural context. According to the literature reviews, three main approaches, including criminalization, decriminalization, and legalization, are recommended to deal with prostitution. In each of these frameworks, human trafficking and child prostitution are criminalized. Although it seems that partial decriminalization has greater benefits with fewer disadvantages, it is not without defects. Conclusions: All countries, with any dominant approach, must respect the human rights of prostitutes and improve access to healthcare facilities. Using the moderator rules that are embedded in the laws of each country for expediency might also reduce the harmful consequences of the first rules, or measures can be taken by considering specific regulations that exist in the national system of each country.

EFEKTIVITAS PERLINDUNGAN ANAK TERHADAP ANAK SEBAGAI KORBAN PROSTITUSI ONLINE DALAM KASUS DI MADIUN

Children are agents of change where children must be nurtured and protected for their physical and mental growth and development in a harmonious and balanced social environment. This is the implementation of Law Number 1 of 2016 concerning Child Protection, this law is the second amendment of Law 23 of 2002. Online prostitution has often occurred, many victims are children and women. In the Child Protection Act, provisions concerning the protection of child victims of online prostitution have been regulated. However, in practice the regulations made have not been implemented effectively in the community. So it needs a lot of improvement in terms of implementation. After that, it can be seen from the legal consequences for child victims of child prostitution, namely in the form of special protection that is tried through supervision, protection, deterrence, treatment, and rehabilitation efforts. However, protection in the form of reintegration or the process of reintegration to parents and residents is also needed to help them through the recovery process properly.Keywords: children; protection and online prostitutionAbstrakAnak merupakan agent of change yang dimana anak harus dibina dan dilindungi tumbuh kembangnya secara fisik dan mental dalam lingkungan sosial yang selaras dan seimbang. Hal ini merupakan implementasi dari Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2016 Tentang Perlindungan Anak undang-undang ini merupakan perubahan kedua dari Undang-Undang 23 Tahun 2002. Prostitusi Online sudah sering terjadi, banyak sekali korban dari kalangan anak dan perempuan. Dalam Undang-Undang perlindungan Anak memang sudah diatur ketentuan yang menyangkut perlindungan kepada anak korban dari Prostitusi Online. Namum dalam prakteknya peraturan yang dibuat belum diterapkan secara efektif di dalam masyarakat. maka dibutuhkan banyak sekali perbaikan dalam segi pelaksanaanya. Setelah itu bisa dilihat dari akibat hukumnya untuk anak korban prostitusi anak yakni berbentuk proteksi spesial yang dicoba lewat upaya pengawasan, proteksi, penangkalan, perawatan, serta rehabilitasi. Tetapi, proteksi berbentuk reintegrasi ataupun proses penyatuan kembali kepada orang tua serta warga pula diperlukan guna membantunya lewat proses pemulihan dengan baik.

‘Bring Back our Innocence’. Protecting Children from Commercial Sexual Exploitation: A Case Study of Three African Countries

The focus of this article is on the commercial sexual exploitation of children with a particular focus on the use of children for the purposes of prostitution and pornography in South Africa, Zimbabwe and Uganda. The article examines the international prohibition of child prostitution and pornography and analyses the extent to which these three countries have implemented the relevant international instruments in their national legal order. The research reveals that South Africa has enacted estimable legislation that prohibits the use of children for the purposes of prostitution and pornography, whereas Zimbabwe and Uganda’s legislation warrants some refinement. In addition, research identifies some of the challenges these countries are facing in implementing the respective legislative frameworks and, to that effect, the article author seeks to offer recommendations for overcoming such difficulties. The extent to which the three countries have incorporated international laws prohibiting child prostitution into their national legislation is analysed.

The Explosion of Crime in the Global South

This chapter studies the explosion of violent crime in the Global South. It begins by looking at statistics on global homicidal rates provided by the World Population Review. Kidnappings are an even greater concern than homicide and it is a particularly severe problem in Mexico. Brazil also has a long history of kidnapping and criminal gangs have been out of control in the country. In 2002, Rio de Janeiro had been shut down by a particularly flashy gang, the Comando Vermelho (Red Command), somewhat on a whim by their leader. Other acts of gang violence have been more purposive. That same year, the army and elite police forces had invaded two slum neighborhoods looking for the killer of Tim Lopes, a reporter for TV Globo who had been surreptitiously filming a gang party in the slums while working on a story about child prostitution. The gang members caught him in the act, gave him a summary trial, and then tortured him to death. Later on, some people would be arrested for the Tim Lopes murder, but the gangs that committed the crime were able to continue their activities without interruption.

Analysis of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in the Tourism Industry in Tanzania

Purpose: The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the commercial sexual exploitation of children in the tourism industry in Tanzania and to propose mitigation measures. Methods: This study was based on the desk review of published materials. Critical analysis of commercial sex exploitation of children in the Tourism (CSECT) industry in Tanzania was conducted. Results: According to the findings, children in Tanzania are involved in commercial sex trade with tourists and residents. This perception was also supported by the studies which were conducted by End Child Prostitution and Trafficking International (ECPAT International) in Tanzania in 2013 and in Kenya, Zambia, and South Africa in 2015. Implications: The problem of commercial sex exploitation of children in Tourism is aggravated by poverty and the trafficking of children for child labor engagement. The study serves as an early wake-up call for the policymakers in Tanzania. The study recommends prevention, protection, prosecution, policy, and mobilize coordinated national action to end the problem.

Reflexões contemporâneas sobre a exploração sexual comercial de crianças e adolescentes no mercado do turismo no Peru

Este trabalho busca verificar se há relação entre as normas e as políticas públicas com as causas da exploração sexual comercial infantil no turismo no Peru. Para alcançar esse objetivo, estudou-se a proteção jurídica e as políticas públicas nacionais e internacionais que regulamentam o trabalho infantil no Peru, bem como analisou-se os resultados obtidos pela End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes (ecpat), no “Global study on sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism: regional report Latin America”, de 2016, que trouxe a pobreza, a baixa escolaridade e a ausência de programas específicos como principais fatores de exploração sexual comercial infantil. Apesar dos avanços legislativos e dos esforços de políticas públicas que buscam erradicar o trabalho infantil, as causas da exploração sexual comercial infantil ainda existem. O método de abordagem é dedutivo e o método de procedimento monográfico é com base em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental.

Kejahatan Terorganisir Terhadap Pelacuran Anak Di Kota Medan Ditinjau Dari Psikologi Kriminil (Studi Penelitian di Kota Medan)

Crimes that used to be committed by individuals are now mostly committed by organized groups where the legal force of the group is illegal. Theft, muggings, fraud, murder, corruption, money loundry, prostitution, terrorism are some forms of the crime that are mostly committed in an organized manner.The development of the world of the child prostitution has spread in various big cities in Indonesia, including Medan. The sparkling of the city has attracted many people who come from various places in Indonesia and outside Indonesia who want to taste the sweetness of the sparkle of the city with all its spices like a laron approaching a torch which eventually destroys them. The condition of the child prostitution in Medan City has become apprehensive where many children aged 14-17 are involved in the prostitution business. Their involvement tends to be due to the factor of deception committed by collectors who work as collectors and suppliers of children to the prostitution places. This crime was committed in an organized manner as evidenced by the existence of syndicates that collaborated, ranging from child collectors and suppliers (collectors) and those who accommodate and employ children as the prostitutes (pimps / pimps), with recruitment areas covering malls, plazas, suburban areas, as well as other entertainment centers, which are generally the place where teenagers hang out.In conclusion, the factors that cause organized crime against the child prostitution in Medan are environmental factors (there is good interaction and communication between them, both those from the same environment and those from different environments), economic factors and unemployment and which is very dominant is the psychological factor. The obstacles that are faced in overcoming organized crime against the child prostitution business are the obstacles in terms of legislation due to weaknesses rather than the scope of the law itself in ensnaring perpetrators of criminal acts of the child prostitution as well as the criminal threats which are still classified mild.Keywords : Organized Crime, Child Prostitution, Criminal Psychology

Kejahatan Terorganisir Terhadap Pelacuran Anak Di Kota Medan Ditinjau Dari Psikologi Kriminil (Studi Penelitian di Kota Medan)

Crimes that used to be committed by individuals are now mostly committed by organized groups where the legal force of the group is illegal. Theft, muggings, fraud, murder, corruption, money loundry, prostitution, terrorism are some forms of the crime that are mostly committed in an organized manner.The development of the world of the child prostitution has spread in various big cities in Indonesia, including Medan. The sparkling of the city has attracted many people who come from various places in Indonesia and outside Indonesia who want to taste the sweetness of the sparkle of the city with all its spices like a laron approaching a torch which eventually destroys them. The condition of the child prostitution in Medan City has become apprehensive where many children aged 14-17 are involved in the prostitution business. Their involvement tends to be due to the factor of deception committed by collectors who work as collectors and suppliers of children to the prostitution places. This crime was committed in an organized manner as evidenced by the existence of syndicates that collaborated, ranging from child collectors and suppliers (collectors) and those who accommodate and employ children as the prostitutes (pimps / pimps), with recruitment areas covering malls, plazas, suburban areas, as well as other entertainment centers, which are generally the place where teenagers hang out.In conclusion, the factors that cause organized crime against the child prostitution in Medan are environmental factors (there is good interaction and communication between them, both those from the same environment and those from different environments), economic factors and unemployment and which is very dominant is the psychological factor. The obstacles that are faced in overcoming organized crime against the child prostitution business are the obstacles in terms of legislation due to weaknesses rather than the scope of the law itself in ensnaring perpetrators of criminal acts of the child prostitution as well as the criminal threats which are still classified mild.Keywords : Organized Crime, Child Prostitution, Criminal Psychology