AlphaFold Models Illuminate Half of Dark Human Proteins

We investigate the use of confidence scores to predict the accuracy of a given AlphaFold model for drug discovery. Predicted accuracy is improved by eliminating confidence scores below 80, due to effects of disorder. 95% of models corresponding to a set of recent crystal structures are accurate at the fold level. Conformational discordance in the training set has a more significant effect on accuracy than sequence divergence. We propose criteria for models and residues that are possibly useful for virtual screening, by which AlphaFold provides models for half of understudied (dark) human proteins and two-thirds of residues in those models.

Causes and Effects of Spatial Chaos in the Polish Carpathians – A Difficult Way to Sustainable Development

Mountainous rural areas are vulnerable to inappropriate land management, which is particularly visible in the Polish Carpathians. This paper attempts to diagnose the causes and effects of spatial chaos in this area, using the DPSIR method. The Three Questions method was used to assist in analysing the effects of disorder in the context of violating sustainable development. The analysis demonstrated that the causes of spatial disorder were mainly of legal and historical origins, with the most visible effects of this chaos being those related to the dispersion of buildings. Minimising spatial chaos requires extensive education, as well as amending legislation to limit the scope of decisions on development conditions. A national financial mechanism supporting the development of the Carpathians would also seem to be a desirable improvement.

The Effects of Multilayered Disorder Characteristics on Fear of Crime in Korea

Fear of crime has a negative impact on the mental health of individuals, limiting their physical and social abilities. Moreover, the prevalence of such fear in the neighborhood weakens the bonds between neighbors and the overall community network, thereby undermining social capital and impeding the city’s sustainability. Disorder is a multilayered process shaped by type and spatial level and has a complex effect on fear of crime. Using a multilevel ordered logistic model, this study determines a more comprehensive cause of fear of crime by verifying the multilayered effects of disorder in Korea. The results include four main findings. First, people are relatively unaware of disorder occurring at the neighborhood level, and more sensitive to disorder at the city level. Second, social disorder has a more significant effect on fear of crime than physical disorder. Third, fear of crime is more affected by indirect factors than by direct factors and actual crimes. Finally, the impact of disorder on fear of crime is discriminatory, depending on the type and spatial structure. This study suggests that urban policy efforts focus more on indirect and macroscopic aspects in dealing with the decline of cities and managing issues related to social disorder.