The exploitation of CFD legacy for the meridional analysis and design of modern gas and steam turbines

In the last decades, the consolidation of 3D CFD approaches in the industrial design practices has progressively moved throughflow codes from the top of design systems to somewhere in between first development stages and the final aerodynamic optimizations. Despite this trend and the typical limitations of traditional throughflow methods, designers tend to still consider such methods as fundamental tools for drafting a credible aero-design in a short turnaround time. Recently a considerable attention has been devoted to CFDbased throughflow codes as suitable means to widen the range of applicability of these tools while smoothing the predictive gap with successive threedimensional flow analyses. The present paper retraces the development and some applications of a modern and complete CFD-based throughflow solver specifically tuned for multistage axial turbine design. The code solves the axisymmetric Euler equations with an original treatment of tangential blockage and body force. It inherits its numerical scheme from a state-of-the-art CFD solver (TRAF code) and incorporates real gas capabilities, three-dimensional flow features (e.g. secondary flows, tip leakage effects), coolant flow injections, and radial mixing models. Also geometric features of actual blades, like fillets, part-span shrouds, and snubbers, are accounted for by suitable models. The capabilities of the code are demonstrated by discussing a significant range of test cases and industrial applications. They include single stage configurations and entire multistage modules of steam turbines, with flow conditions ranging from subsonic to supersonic. Computational strategies for design and off-design analyses will be presented and discussed. The reliability and accuracy of the method is assessed by comparing throughflow results with 3D CFD calculations and experimental data. A good agreement in terms of overall performance and spanwise distributions is achieved in both design and off-design operating conditions.

Flow Structures Inside a Rotor-Stator Cavity

This paper describes an experimental investigation initiated to determine the threedimensional flow field inside the rim seal cavity of a double-shrouded rotor-stator system. Thereby, the effects caused by perturbances in the rotor wall were additionally examined. The objective of this work is to provide detailed information about the mechanisms that can promote elevated temperature levels in the high pressure section of a gas turbine. Both ingested hot gas and windage heating generated at the rotor-stator interface can severely affect the material temperatures and thus considerably increase the thermal load of the rotating parts.The flow velocities were measured by means of an advanced LDV system capable of providing phase-resolved data. The flow field was determined for two different rotorstator combinations. One of the rotor disks contained small rectangular cavities, located at the disk rim and arranged uniformly in’ the circumferential direction. These elements are referred to as the shank cavities of the rotor disk.The mechanical torque was measured to demonstrate the influence of these elements on the windage power. The measurements were performed at operating conditions that are typical for aero-engines. It is shown that a perturbed rotor surface can raise the drag notably. The experiments were conducted in a high speed test rig at rotational Reynolds numbers up toReϕ≈4.2*106. The data were plotted as the dimensionless moment coefficientcMand correlated withReϕand the dimensionless cooling flow ratecw.