Experimental evidence of enhanced water dissociation and spatially dependent charge-transfer reactions in mix-gas inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

A microporous membrane fitted to a pneumatic nebulizer–desolvation system was employed for introducing the sample solution into the ICP, reducing the water loading and magnifying the effect of a low flow of N2 in the drier ICP.

Improvement of analytical performance in inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry without compromising robustness using an infrared-heated sample introduction system with a pneumatic nebulizer

Infrared-heating the spray chamber and bottom of the torch significantly improves sensitivity and detection limit for 38 elements, as well as robustness, resulting in a Mg II 280.270 nm/Mg I 285.213 nm line intensity ratio of 13.