Determination of the discriminating concentration of chlorfenapyr (pyrrole) and Anopheles gambiae sensu lato susceptibility testing in preparation for distribution of Interceptor® G2 insecticide-treated nets

Background Following agricultural use and large-scale distribution of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), malaria vector resistance to pyrethroids is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa. Interceptor® G2 is a new dual active ingredient (AI) ITN treated with alpha-cypermethrin and chlorfenapyr for the control of pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors. In anticipation of these new nets being more widely distributed, testing was conducted to develop a chlorfenapyr susceptibility bioassay protocol and gather susceptibility information. Methods Bottle bioassay tests were conducted using five concentrations of chlorfenapyr at 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg AI/bottle in 10 countries in sub-Saharan Africa using 13,639 wild-collected Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) (56 vector populations per dose) and 4,494 pyrethroid-susceptible insectary mosquitoes from 8 colonized strains. In parallel, susceptibility tests were conducted using a provisional discriminating concentration of 100 µg AI/bottle in 16 countries using 23,422 wild-collected, pyrethroid-resistant An. gambiae s.l. (259 vector populations). Exposure time was 60 min, with mortality recorded at 24, 48 and 72 h after exposure. Results Median mortality rates (up to 72 h after exposure) of insectary colony mosquitoes was 100% at all five concentrations tested, but the lowest dose to kill all mosquitoes tested was 50 µg AI/bottle. The median 72-h mortality of wild An. gambiae s.l. in 10 countries was 71.5, 90.5, 96.5, 100, and 100% at concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg AI/bottle, respectively. Log-probit analysis of the five concentrations tested determined that the LC95 of wild An. gambiae s.l. was 67.9 µg AI/bottle (95% CI: 48.8–119.5). The discriminating concentration of 203.8 µg AI/bottle (95% CI: 146–359) was calculated by multiplying the LC95 by three. However, the difference in mortality between 100 and 200 µg AI/bottle was minimal and large-scale testing using 100 µg AI/bottle with wild An. gambiae s.l. in 16 countries showed that this concentration was generally suitable, with a median mortality rate of 100% at 72 h. Conclusions This study determined that 100 or 200 µg AI/bottle chlorfenapyr in bottle bioassays are suitable discriminating concentrations for monitoring susceptibility of wild An. gambiae s.l., using mortality recorded up to 72 h. Testing in 16 countries in sub-Saharan Africa demonstrated vector susceptibility to chlorfenapyr, including mosquitoes with multiple resistance mechanisms to pyrethroids.

HUBUNGAN LOCUS OF CONTROL INTERNAL DAN KECERDASAN ADVERSITAS DENGAN KESIAPAN KERJA SISWA KELAS XII PROGRAM KEJURUAN TEKNIK INSTALASI TENAGA LISTRIK DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN (SMK) NEGERI 34 JAKARTA

This study aims to determine: (1) Correlation between internal locus of control with work readiness, (2) Correlation between adversity quotient with work readiness, (3) Correlation between internal locus of control and adversity quotient with work readiness student of class XII TITL at SMK Negeri 34 Jakarta. The population of respondents is student of class XII TITL at SMK Negeri 34 Jakarta. The sampling technique uses a type of non-probability sampling that is saturated sampling technique, the research sample is students of class XII TITL 1 and TITL 2, total 61 students. Data collection using a questionnaire / questionnaire. The results of the analysis prerequisite analysis say that the research data are linear and normally distributed. Testing the research hypothesis using the product moment correlation test. The results of testing this research hypothesis can be seen from the correlation value ryx1 = 0.664, ryx2 = 0.665, ryx1x2 = 0.722 with rtable = 0.252 (rcount> rtable 5%), meaning that the research hypothesis can be said to prove that (1) there is a positive correlation between locus of control internal with work readiness, (2) there is a positive correlation between adversity quotient and work readiness, (3) there is a positive correlation between internal locus of control and adversity quotient simultaneously with work readiness student of class XII TITL at SMK Negeri 34 Jakarta. With this result, it can be concluded that the higher the level of internal locus of control and the quotient of student adversity, the work readiness that will be possessed by students of class XII of the Electrical Power Installation Engineering Program at SMK Negeri 34 Jakarta will also be high. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui (1) Hubungan locus of control internal dengan kesiapan kerja, (2) Hubungan kecerdasan adversitas dengan kesiapan kerja, (3) Hubungan locus of control internal dan kecerdasan adversitas dengan kesiapan kerja siswa kelas XII TITL di SMK Negeri 34 Jakarta. Populasi responden adalah siswa kelas XII TITL di SMK Negeri 34 Jakarta. Teknik sampling menggunakan jenis non probability sampling yaitu teknik sampling jenuh, maka sampel penelitian adalah siswa kelas XII TITL 1 dan TITL 2 yang berjumlah 61 siswa. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuisioner/angket. Hasil pengujan prasyarat analisis mengatakan bahwa data penelitian bersifat linear dan berdistribusi normal. Pengujian hipotesis penelitian menggunakan uji korelasi product moment. Hasil pengujian hipotesis penelitian ini terlihat dari nilai korelasi ryx1= 0,664, ryx2= 0,665, ryx1x2= 0,722 dengan rtabel= 0,252 (rhitung > rtabel 5%), artinya hipotesis penelitian dapat dikatakan terbukti bahwa (1) terdapat hubungan yang positif antara locus of control internal dengna kesiapan kerja, (2) terdapat hubungan yang positif antara kecerdasan adversitas dengan kesiapan kerja, (3) terdapat hubungan yang positif antara locus of control internal dan kecerdasan adversitas secara simultan dengan kesiapan kerja siswa kelas XII TITL SMK Negeri 34 Jakarta. Dengan hasil ini, maka didapatkan kesimpulan bahwa semakin tinggi tingkat locus of control internal dan kecerdasan adversitas siswa maka kesiapan kerja yang akan dimiliki siswa kelas XII Program Kejuruan Teknik Instalasi Tenaga Listrik di SMK Negeri 34 Jakarta juga akan tinggi.

Determination of the discriminating concentration of chlorfenapyr (pyrrole) and Anopheles gambiae s.l. susceptibility testing in preparation for distribution of Interceptor® G2 insecticide-treated nets

BackgroundFollowing agricultural use and large-scale distribution of insecticide treated nets (ITNs), malaria vector resistance to pyrethroids is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa. Interceptor® G2 is a new dual active ingredient (AI) ITN treated with alpha-cypermethrin and chlorfenapyr for the control of pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors. In anticipation of these new nets being more widely distributed, testing was conducted to develop a chlorfenapyr susceptibility bioassay protocol and gather susceptibility information. MethodsBottle bioassay tests were conducted using five concentrations of chlorfenapyr at 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200µg AI/bottle in ten countries in sub-Saharan Africa using 13,639 wild collected An. gambiae s.l. (56 vector populations per dose) and 4,494 pyrethroid susceptible insectary mosquitoes from 8 colonized strains. In parallel, susceptibility tests were conducted using a provisional discriminating concentration of 100µg AI/bottle in 16 countries using 23,422 wild collected pyrethroid resistant An. gambiae s.l. (259 vector populations). Exposure time was 60 minutes, with mortality recorded at 24, 48 and 72 hours after exposure. ResultsMedian mortality rates (up to 72h after exposure) of insectary colony mosquitoes was 100% at all five concentrations tested, but the lowest dose to kill all mosquitoes tested was 50µg AI/bottle. The median 72h mortality of wild An. gambiae s.l. in 10 countries was 71.5%, 90.5%, 96.5%, 100% and 100% at concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200µg AI/bottle, respectively. Log-probit analysis of the five concentrations tested determined that the LC95 of wild An. gambiae s.l. was 67.9µg AI/bottle (95% CI: 48.8-119.5). The discriminating concentration of 203.8µg AI/bottle (95% CI: 146-359) was calculated by multiplying the LC95 by three. However, the difference in mortality between 100 and 200µg AI/bottle was minimal and large-scale testing using 100µg AI/bottle with wild An. gambiae s.l. in 16 countries showed that this concentration was generally suitable, with a median mortality rate of 100% at 72h.ConclusionsThis study determined that 200µg AI/bottle chlorfenapyr in bottle bioassays is the most suitable discriminating concentration for monitoring susceptibility of wild An. gambiae s.l., using mortality recorded up to 72h. Testing in 16 countries in sub-Saharan Africa demonstrated vector susceptibility to chlorfenapyr, including mosquitoes with multiple resistance mechanisms to pyrethroids.

A Synchronized Test Control Execution Model of Distributed Systems

Conformance testing may be seen as mean to execute an IUT (implementation under test) by carrying out test cases in order to observe whether the behavior of the IUT is conforming to its specifications. However, the development of distributed testing frameworks is more complex and the implementation of the parallel testing components (PTCs) should take into consideration the mechanisms and functions required to support interaction during PTC communication. In this article, the authors present another way to control the test execution of PTCs by introducing synchronization messages into the local test sequences. Then, they suggest an agent-based simulation to implement synchronized local test sequences and resolve the problem of control and synchronization.

A Synchronized Test Control Execution Model of Distributed Systems

Conformance testing may be seen as mean to execute an IUT (implementation under test) by carrying out test cases in order to observe whether the behavior of the IUT is conforming to its specifications. However, the development of distributed testing frameworks is more complex and the implementation of the parallel testing components (PTCs) should take into consideration the mechanisms and functions required to support interaction during PTC communication. In this article, the authors present another way to control the test execution of PTCs by introducing synchronization messages into the local test sequences. Then, they suggest an agent-based simulation to implement synchronized local test sequences and resolve the problem of control and synchronization.