Hyperspace fermions, Möbius transformations, Krein space, fermion doubling, dark matter

We develop an approach to classical and quantum mechanics where continuous time is extended by an infinitesimal parameter T and equations of motion converted into difference equations. These equations are solved and the physical limit T → 0 then taken. In principle, this strategy should recover all standard solutions to the original continuous time differential equations. We find this is valid for bosonic variables whereas with fermions, additional solutions occur. For both bosons and fermions, the difference equations of motion can be related to Möbius transformations in projective geometry. Quantization via Schwinger’s action principle recovers standard particle-antiparticle modes for bosons but in the case of fermions, Hilbert space has to be replaced by Krein space. We discuss possible links with the fermion doubling problem and with dark matter.

Fault estimation for a class of nonlinear time-variant systems through a Krein space–based approach

This paper studies the [Formula: see text] fault estimation problem for a class of discrete-time nonlinear systems subject to time-variant coefficient matrices, online available input, and exogenous disturbances. By assuming that the concerned nonlinearity is continuously differentiable and by using Taylor series expansions, the dynamic system is transferred as a linear time-variant system with modeling uncertainties. A non-conservative but nominal system and its corresponding [Formula: see text] indefinite quadratic performance function are, respectively, given in place of the transferred uncertain system and the conventional performance metric, such that the estimation problem is converted as a two-stage optimization issue. By introducing an auxiliary model in Krein space, the so-called orthogonal projection technique is utilized to search an appropriate choice serving as the estimation of the fault signal. A necessary and sufficient condition on the existence of the fault estimator is given, and a recursive algorithm for computing the gain matrix of the estimator is proposed. The addressed method is applied to an indoor robot localization system to show its effectiveness.

Decomposability of Krein space operators

In this paper, we review some properties in the local spectral theory and various subclasses of decomposable operators. We prove that every Krein space selfadjoint operator having property (?) is decomposable, and clarify the relation between decomposability and property (?) for J-selfadjoint operators. We prove the equivalence of these properties for J-selfadjoint operators T and T* by using their local spectra and local spectral subspaces.