John Clive Ward. 1 August 1924—6 May 2000

John Clive Ward was a theoretical physicist who made important contributions to two of the principal subjects in twentieth-century elementary particle physics: namely, quantum electrodynamics (QED) and electroweak theory. He was an early proponent of the importance of gauge theories in quantum field theory and their use in demonstrating the renormalization of those theories: that is, to remove apparent infinities in calculations. He showed that gauge invariance implies the equality of two seemingly different renormalized quantities in QED, a relationship now called the Ward Identity. This identity can be generalized to more general gauge theories in particle physics and remains a fundamental tool in these theories, which dominate particle theory at the present time. He collaborated with Abdus Salam on the use of gauge theories in strong interactions and in electroweak theory. He also made significant contributions to statistical physics. In 1955 he was recruited by the UK Atomic Weapons Research Establishment at Aldermaston to head the Green Granite section of the theoretical group, which had the task of rederiving the thermonuclear weapon concepts developed by Ulam and Teller in the United States. He spent the years from 1966 to his retirement in 1984 at Macquarie University in Australia.

A reclassification of markers for mixed reality environments

PurposeThis paper presents a reclassification of markers for mixed reality environments that is also applicable to the use of markers in robot navigation systems and 3D modelling. In the case of Augmented Reality (AR) mixed reality environments, markers are used to integrate computer generated (virtual) objects into a predominantly real world, while in Augmented Virtuality (AV) mixed reality environments, the goal is to integrate real objects into a predominantly virtual (computer generated) world. Apart from AR/AV classifications, mixed reality environments have also been classified by reality; output technology/display devices; immersiveness as well as by visibility of markers.Design/methodology/approachThe approach adopted consists of presenting six existing classifications of mixed reality environments and then extending them to define new categories of abstract, blended, virtual augmented, active and smart markers. This is supported with results/examples taken from the joint Mixed Augmented and Virtual Reality Laboratory (MAVRLAB) of the Ulster University, Belfast, Northern Ireland; the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy and Santasco SrL, Regio Emilia/Milan, Italy.FindingsExisting classification of markers and mixed reality environments are mainly binary in nature and do not adequately capture the contextual relationship between markers and their use and application. The reclassification of markers into abstract, blended and virtual categories captures the context for simple use and applications while the categories of augmented, active and smart markers captures the relationship for enhanced or more complex use of markers. The new classifications are capable of improving the definitions of existing simple marker and markerless mixed reality environments as well as supporting more complex features within mixed reality environments such as co-location of objects, advanced interactivity, personalised user experience.Research limitations/implicationsIt is thought that applications and devices in mixed reality environments when properly developed and deployed enhances the real environment by making invisible information visible to the user. The current work only marginally covers the use of internet of things (IoT) devices in mixed reality environments as well as potential implications for robot navigation systems and 3D modelling.Practical implicationsThe use of these reclassifications enables researchers, developers and users of mixed reality environments to select and make informed decisions on best tools and environment for their respective application, while conveying information with additional clarity and accuracy. The development and application of more complex markers would contribute in no small measure to attaining greater advancements in extending current knowledge and developing applications to positively impact entertainment, business and health while minimizing costs and maximizing benefits.Originality/valueThe originality of this paper lies in the approach adopted in reclassifying markers. This is supported with results and work carried out at the MAV Reality Laboratory of Ulster University, Belfast–UK, the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste-Italy and Santasco SrL, Regio Emilia, Milan–Italy. The value of present research lies in the definitions of new categories as well as the discussions of how they improve mixed reality environments and application especially in the health and education sectors.

مقاصد شریعت (تعارفی مطالعہ)

The ultimate objectives of shariah have been indicated (stated) in numerous verses of the Holy Quran and in the sacred traditions of Holy profit (SAWS) and a set of reforms have been highlighted for enforcement as a purpose of divine commands. Brillscholars and stalwarts of Islamic sciences like Imam Ghazali, Allama Azzedine bin Abdus salam Allama ibn e Qayyum, Allama Shatbi, and imam Shah Wali Ullah R.A have rendered their valuable services in the above-mentioned domain. This article is an introductory study of that knowledge and in the article significance and essentiality of the purposes of shariah have been explained after detailed interpretations of these purposes. Opinions of ancient and modern experts of the concerned field of knowledge have also been incorporated. Finally, various types of objectives of shariah have been debated.

Comparing Wind Patterns at Menderes Area in Aegean Region, Turkey using different datasets at higher resolutions using Regional Climate Modeling RegCM4

<p>In this study, it is aimed to compare wind patterns at Menderes area in Aegean Region in Turkey using HadGEM2 dataset from Hadley Center, United Kingdom and MPI-ESM-MR dataset from Max Planck Institute, Germany. These datasets are downscaled to high resolutions at 10km, 5km and 1km for two different RCP scenarios RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 and for different time periods 1970-1999, 2020-2049 and 2070-2099 using Regional Climate Modeling RegCM4.5 and above of the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) to see the changes of the wind patterns at Menderes area in Aegean Regiion in Turkey due to climate change.</p>

Possible Observation of a Second Kind of Light

According to classical electrodynamics, sunlight that is passed through an iron layer can be detected with the naked eye only if the thickness of the layer is less than 170nm. However, in an old experiment, August Kundt was able to see the sunlight with the naked eye even when it had passed an iron layer with thickness greater than 200nm. To explain this observation, we propose a second kind of light which was introduced in a different context by Abdus Salam. A tabletop experiment can verify this possibility.