Analysis on Impact of Acid Hydrolysis on the Hydrogen Bonding Network in Cellulose to Obtain Microcrystalline Cellulose: A Statistical Approach

Hydrolysis of a cellulose biomass results in breaking down the cellulose microfibrils into microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) or nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) depending on the reaction conditions. Cellulose microfibrils are established robustly due to the synergistic interaction of van der Waals, inter- and intra-molecular hydrogen bonds and glycosidic bond between glucan moieties of cellulose polysaccharide. The hydrogen bonding network plays a crucial role in conforming cellulose chains into crystalline and amorphous region thereby determining its degree of crystallinity. The knowledge of hydrogen bonds in cellulose hence becomes indispensable to understand the crystallinity of cellulose before and after a hydrolysis reaction. However, the nature of hydrogen bonds after hydrolysis and how they contribute to the mechanical properties of resultant MCC/NCC are yet to be realized. This paper is therefore intended to discuss the degree of crystallinity of cellulose particles obtained after hydrolyzing waste cotton fibers (WCF) in two parts: part I, obtaining MCC with maximum total crystallinity index (TCI) by acid hydrolysis of WCF using Box Behnken Design; part II, comparing degree of crystallinity of MCC sample exhibiting highest TCI with that of WCF using analytical tools like X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer, X-ray Diffractometer and Fourier Transform Infra- Red spectrometer. The physical dimension of MCC particle with maximum TCI has been verified using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopic images.

The crystalline forms of nine hydrochloride salts of substituted tryptamines

The crystal structures of the hydrochloride salts of nine substituted tryptamines, namely, 1-methyltryptammonium chloride, C11H15N2 +·Cl−, (1), 2-methyl-1-phenyltryptammonium chloride, C17H19N2 +·Cl−, (2), 5-methoxytryptammonium chloride, C11H15N2O+·Cl−, (3), 5-bromotryptammonium chloride, C10H12BrN2 +·Cl−, (4), 5-chlorotryptammonium chloride, C10H12ClN2 +·Cl−, (5), 5-fluorotryptammonium chloride, C10H12FN2 +·Cl−, (6), 5-methyltryptammonium chloride, C11H15N2 +·Cl−, (7), 6-fluorotryptammonium chloride, C10H12FN2 +·Cl−, (8), and 7-methyltryptammonium chloride, C11H15N2 +·Cl−, (9), are reported. The seven tryptamines with N—H indoles, (3)–(9), show very similar structures, with N—H...Cl hydrogen-bonding networks forming two-dimensional sheets in the crystals. These sheets are combinations of R 4 2(8) and R 4 2(18) rings, and C 2 1(4) and C 2 1(9) chains. Substitution at the indole N atom reduces the dimensionality of the hydrogen-bonding network, with compounds (1) and (2) demonstrating one-dimensional chains that are a combination of different rings and parallel chains.