Equity and State Immigrant Inclusivity: English Learner Education in ESSA

With the 2015 passage of the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), the oversight of language policy in U.S. schools shifted from federal to state governance. Although the education of students officially designated as English learners (ELs) has historically been grounded in federal law, we argue that ELs’ educational experiences are also largely influenced by societal attitudes toward immigrants and immigration. Using a critical policy analysis (CPA) approach, we examine how 12 states’ immigrant policy contexts are associated with the EL educational policies articulated in their ESSA implementation plans. We find that states’ demographic and immigrant policy contexts combine to produce four distinct approaches toward EL education, from departing to approaching equity.

Entrepreneurship Advancement and Malaysia Immigrant Policy: A Conceptual Analysis

The migration process in the 21st century has become a global phenomenon to the extent that governments are in huge competition to make their place migration destination specifically for international students due to several skills, knowledge and entrepreneurial ideas they have. Owing to these reasons, this paper conceptually analyze the prospect and challenges of integrating from entrepreneurial lens international students into the Malaysian entrepreneurship atmosphere. Considering this, it is suggested in this study that Malaysia entrepreneurship policy should be inclusive to embrace foreign participation. Also, the immigrant policy which has increased the flow of international students needs to be complemented with freedom to engage in a legal business activities. It is therefore conceptually opined that the amendment of the immigrant policy which should be regulated will increase the attitudinal change towards Malaysia generally and it would place the entrepreneurship policy more viable.

Who Governs Immigrant Labor? Status, Residency, and Rights in Federal and State Law

This article examines a collection of 244 state bills selected from the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) Immigrant Policy Project between 2006 and 2018 covering three areas of immigrant work and worksite regulations. Even though employment regulation is an area where states claim statutory and court-backed authority and therefore where states might have been expected to act independently of the federal government, state employment, and workplace laws are in many cases aligned with federal policy. The significant degree of alignment of state and federal law in this area reveals how states face downward pressures from federal efforts to regulate and crack down on immigration broadly, and unauthorized immigrants specifically. This, in turn, suggests that immigration federalism scholarship, which has generally highlighted state–federal conflict in the area of policing and enforcement, needs to account for different types of intergovernmental relationships that accompany distinctive immigrant policy areas, and researchers should consider the different spheres where enforcement occurs.