Dynamic network and own effects on abnormal returns: evidence from China’s stock market

This paper addresses the question of how to model the process of abnormal returns on individual stocks. It postulates a framework, where abnormal returns are generated by a process which features two autoregressive components, one stock-specific and one related to network effects. This process deviates from customary ones in that the parameters are specific to each stock/firm, that the autoregressive process is explicitly modelled instead of using cumulative abnormal returns over a pre-specified window, and that network effects are present. Abandoning either one of those deviations is rejected by data on Chinese stocks in 2018 and 2019, an episode which is significant for an abnormal stock-market returns analysis, as it was characterized by numerous tariff-setting events related to the “trade war” between the USA and China.

Establishing the transdiagnostic contextual pathways of emotional outbursts

Emotional outbursts (also known as temper outbursts) are commonly experienced by people with neurodevelopmental disorders and people who have experienced childhood adversity, which can negatively impact individuals and their families. Emotional outbursts may manifest via different pathways that are related to context-specific differences in the regulation and expression of emotions. Caregivers (N = 268) of young people (6-25 years) with neurodevelopmental disorders and/or childhood adversity completed a newly designed caregiver-report questionnaire. Six contextual factors were derived from the Emotional Outburst Questionnaire. The responses were classified based on these factors into three clusters, which may represent potential pathways of emotional outbursts. The three clusters were characterised by the increased likelihood of outbursts: 1) across all setting events and triggers; 2) in safe setting events; 3) across setting events. These potential pathways might be related to the following mechanisms: 1) differences in sensory processing; 2) masking of emotions in unsafe environments; 3) differences in safety perception. Establishing the potential pathways of emotional outbursts may facilitate the identification of the context-dependent cognitive and emotional differences that distinguish these pathways, which may consequently inform the development of pathway-specific intervention strategies.

Pliocene short-term climate changes preserved in continental shallow lacustrine-palustrine carbonates: Western Opache Formation, Atacama Desert, Chile

Multiple climate proxies indicate episodic changes in moisture levels within an ∼1 Ma duration (early–mid Pliocene) interval. Limestones within the Opache Formation, Calama Basin, Atacama Desert region, Chile, contain evidence for wetter and drier periods on short time scales. Proxies include carbonate lithological changes, paleontology (stromatolites, oncolites, gastropods, ostracods and diatoms), O and C stable isotopes, geochemistry, and mineralogical changes (aragonite, calcite, Mg-calcite, dolomite and gypsum) throughout a 30 m stratigraphic section. Stromatolite fossil cyanobacteria dark and light laminations and mesohaline to hypersaline diatom species suggest Pliocene annual seasonality. Short-term changes between wetter and drier conditions indicate that at least this part of the Atacama region was experiencing relatively rapid early–mid Pliocene climate instability. The predominance of limestone in the Opache Formation, in contrast to the 1500 m of Oligocene-Miocene siliciclastic conglomerates and sandstones, interpreted as arid climate alluvium, that underlie it, indicates a shift from arid or hyperarid climate to a semi-arid climate. Semi-arid conditions promoted limestone deposition in a shallow lacustrine-palustrine environment. In this setting, events such as storms with associated surface water flow, erosion, siliciclastic sand, gravel, and intraclast deposition, coupled with significant biological activity, represent sedimentation during more humid periods in a shallow lacustrine depositional environment. In contrast, limestone characterized by mudcracks, Navicula diatoms, and vadose syndepositional cementation, reflect periods of enhanced evaporation, water shallowing, and episodic desiccation, characteristic of a palustrine depositional system. These facies shifts, in conjunction with geochemical and isotopic proxy evidence, yield a sedimentary record of wetter and drier climate shifts.

Lossless MRI compression utilizing prediction by partial approximate matching

MRI is a medicinal imaging system utilized as a part of radiology to picture the inner structure of the human body for the analysis of various sorts of wounds and conditions in a non– obtrusive way. A standout amongst the most difficult issues in therapeutic imaging is pressure of the information to be sent over fitting transmission lines with no misfortune in data. Setting based displaying gives high spatial determination and differentiation affectability necessities for the analytic reason. Since, it is attractive to have exact lossless pressure of MRI picture, execute the Prediction by Partial Approximate Matching (PPAM). PPAM models the likelihood of the encoding image in view of its past settings, whereby setting events are considered in an inexact settings proficiently, store the settings that have been beforehand seen in a tree structure, called the PPAM setting tree.

Understanding Setting Events: What They Are and How to Identify Them

A functional behavior assessment is a process for identifying events in the environment that reliably precede (i.e., antecedents) and follow (i.e., consequences) problem behavior. This information is used to develop an intervention plan. There are two types of antecedents—triggers and setting events. Triggers are antecedent events that happen just before the behavior and seem to push it to happen while setting events can occur at a time removed before the behavior (hours or even days) and set the whole chain in motion. Setting events are not always affecting problem behavior, and they can be difficult to understand and to identify. However, when they are playing a role, it is important that they be included in the functional behavior assessment because support plans will need to incorporate them to be effective. In this article, we describe setting events, discussing how they work and why. We then explain how setting events might be identified, and how they can be incorporated into intervention planning.

Open-loop GPS signal tracking at low elevation angles from a ground-based observation site

A 1-year data set of ground-based GPS signal observations aiming at geometric elevation angles below +2° is analysed. Within the "GLESER" measurement campaign about 2600 validated setting events were recorded by the "OpenGPS" open-loop tracking receiver at an observation site located at 52.3808° N, 13.0642° E between January and December 2014. The measurements confirm the feasibility of open-loop signal tracking down to geometric elevation angles of −1 to −1.5° extending the corresponding closed-loop tracking range by up to 1°. The study is based on the premise that observations of low-elevation events by a ground-based receiver may serve as test cases for space-based radio occultation measurements, even if the latter proceed at a significantly faster temporal scale. The results support the conclusion that the open-loop Doppler model has negligible influence on the derived carrier frequency profile for strong signal-to-noise density ratios above about 30 dB Hz. At lower signal levels, however, the OpenGPS receiver's dual-channel design, which tracks the same signal using two Doppler models differing by 10 Hz, uncovers a notable bias. The repeat patterns of the GPS orbit traces in terms of azimuth angle reveal characteristic signatures in both signal amplitude and Doppler frequency with respect to the topography close to the observation site. Mean vertical refractivity gradients, extracted from ECMWF meteorological fields, correlate weakly to moderately with observed signal amplitude fluctuations at geometric elevation angles between +1 and +2°. Results from multiple phase screen simulations support the interpretation that these fluctuations are at least partly produced by atmospheric multipath; at negative elevation angles diffraction at the ground surface seems to contribute.

Open-loop GPS signal tracking at low elevation angles from a ground-based observation site

A one-year data set of ground-based GPS signal observations aiming at geometric elevation angles below +2° is analyzed. Within the "GLESER" measurement campaign about 2600 validated setting events were recorded by the "OpenGPS" open-loop tracking receiver at an observation site located at 52.3808° N, 13.0642° E between January and December 2014. The measurements confirm the feasibility of open-loop signal tracking down to geometric elevation angles of −1° to −1.5° extending the corresponding closed-loop tracking range by up to 1°. The study is based on the premise that observations of low-elevation events by a ground-based receiver may serve as test cases for space-based radio occultation measurements, even if the latter proceed at a significantly faster temporal scale. The results support the conclusion that the open-loop Doppler model has negligible influence on the derived carrier frequency profile for strong signal-to-noise density ratios above about 30 dB Hz. At lower signal levels, however, the "OpenGPS" receiver's dual-channel design, which tracks the same signal using two Doppler models with a 10 Hz offset, uncovers a notable bias. The repeat patterns of the GPS orbit traces in terms of azimuth angle reveal characteristic signatures in both, signal amplitude and Doppler frequency with respect to the topography close to the observation site. On the other hand, vertical refractivity gradients extracted from ECMWF meteorological fields correlate moderately well with observed signal amplitude fluctuations at negative geometric elevation angles emphasizing the information content of low-elevation GPS signals with respect to the atmospheric state within the planetary boundary layer.