MONEY, MARKETS AND MEN

According to a common recurring analysis approach, most studies have defined the present external and universal internal deficit crisis, as the result of a wrong financial deregulation appearing in most modern financial markets. Speculation pressures, relaxing policies, monitoring over banks capital and bank governance models, seem as paying a widespread role as well. On the contrary, some historical and present new behavioral viewpoints show a uniform result of new general widespread monetary mismanagement attitudes, in a global new monetary perspective. Both Western financial markets and the new European single currency creation are showing same surfacing effects, which are generally large internal national deficits, huge trade imbalances and growing unemployment rates. The general market collapses that occurred up to the last 2008 unexpected monetary disintegration, considered firstly as the logical final effect of deep systematic crisis, as never before interlinked during the the twentieth century, has brought to a confused and contradictory row of financial irrecoverable shocks. Stemming from the monetary dissolution materialized during the First World War and never recovered, but for the short Bretton Woods interlude, the international and most of national payment systems are nowadays in a liquidity, interest rates and severe taxation single trap. My firm belief is that what happened at the end of the last century is not the consequence of some specific well-defined deregulation or mismanagement of financial institutions and markets, neither a structural collapse of some previous deteriorated model, or a cyclical evolving of market tendencies. On the contrary, what surfaced from September 1987 to August 2008 and after, has been as well unfolding up to now as an unavoidable effect of the single monetary secular debasement and unproductive and inefficient macroeconomic policies and the disregard of minor welfare and micro-economic frontiers and boundaries inconsistent in a fast enlarging competitive world. In 2016, the 1987-2008 global financial bubbles, from peripheral defaults or market plunges, has become the “final euro crisis." As well, the 19 countries of the EMS, issuing the single euro currency, apart from symptoms of economic stagnation and useless recurring monetary policies, acknowledged internal and external huge rigid trade unbalances. Some countries have been sliding into deficits for years, while the governing powers of the Eurozone have intervened from emergency to emergency, most deeply in Greece. In the Euro contest, Nobel Prize-winning economist Joseph E. Stiglitz (Stiglitz, 2016) has been dismantling the first hour prevailing consensus around, which affected Europe, demolishing the stronghold of austerity, and has been offering a series of discussible plans that could rescue the continent and the related parties from further depression.

Autologous Fat Grafting Combined with Facelifting

There are multiple factors contributing to facial aging. Rejuvenation of the aging face, therefore, requires a multimodal approach to attain an overall natural and uniform result that is long lasting. Fat grafting has become a very important method for restoring facial soft-tissue atrophy, while facelifting procedures address the ptosis and descent of facial and neck tissue. These modalities performed together offer the patient a comprehensive approach to attain a more attractive and youthful facial appearance.

A Proper Law of Torts in the Conflict of Laws

The subject examined by this thesis is the conflicts rules which should be applied to determine liability in tort actions, and the question of whether or not "proper law" approach could be adopted in this particular area. It is submitted, in Section I, that changing circumstances and changing theoretical bases for conflict of laws, are reasons for fresh look at the area of torts in the conflict of laws. Moreover it is submitted, in Section II, that such fresh look should be firmly based on funda mental policies of conflict of laws generally, such as the absence of forum-shopping, the convenience of the parties and the achieving of uniform result whatever the forum of particular action. The existing rules are examined in the light of their application to the varying circumstances which can arise in tort actions. In addition critical examination of the existing rules is attempted, in respect of the require ments of identifying the locus delicti, and whether the existing rules relate to choice of law or jurisdictional questions. The "proper law" concept is suggested as solution to the problems arising from this critical examination, and is buttressed by the operation and use of such a concept in other areas of the law, such as contracts and recognition of foreign divorce decrees. Since the "proper law" approach has been adopted in the United States, it is necessary to examine the experience in those jurisdictions. This examination deals with the "proper law" aspect generally, and more particularly, its application in specific areas such as contributory negligence and vicarious liability. It is suggested that selective borrowing from the United States experience, excluding the policy gloss which has been placed upon the "proper law" approach in that country, would be profitable in Canada. Finally, it is suggested that "proper law" approach would be an appropriate solution and is supported by present judicial attitudes.

Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Cellulose which Pertain to the Cross-Linking of Cotton

The distributions of sites of attachment of substituents or cross linkages (a) at the 2–0-, 3–0-, and 6–0-positions of the d-glucopyranosyl units, (b) along the molecular chains of cellulose, (c) on or in the microstructural units, and (d) within the fiber cross sections are reviewed in order to develop perspective for the factors that influence and control these distributions. Among the factors determining the site of attachment in the d-glucopyranosyl unit are: (1) the type of reaction (e.g., reversible or nonreversible), (2) the specific nature of the reagent (e.g., molecular size), and (3) the medium from which the reagent is introduced. Means of controlling this distribution are discussed. There is no available information on the distributions of linkages introduced along the molecular chains of cellulose from reactions that occur without disruption of the crystalline order. It is evident, however, that, even under these conditions, every molecule in the cellulose matrix has one or more accessible segments along its chain. Measurements that are specific to the distribution of substituents among the total d-glucopyranosyl units, but which are applicable, in first-order approximation, to the units along the molecular chain, are discussed in connection with reactions conducted in mercerizing media. Evidence indicative of reactions occurring on the surfaces of highly ordered micro-structural units (microfibrils or bundles of microfibrils) has been obtained from measurement of the distribution of substituents introduced into the d-glucopyranosyl units of cotton cellulose under nonmercerizing conditions. Penetration within these units is evident under mercerizing conditions of reaction. An interrelationship between the site of attachment in the d-glucopyranosyl unit and the site of reaction in the microstructural unit is discussed. At the fiber level of structure, the complex interplay between rate of chemical reaction and rate of diffusion into the fibers is considered. Gross variations of distribution of substituents or cross linkages in the fiber cross section (from peripheral to uniform) result from changes in the two rates noted. In a case examined in some detail, wrinkle-recovery angles benefit from the more uniform distribution of cross linkages.

Observations on the Bacteriology of an Epidemic of Diphtheria in a School, with Special Reference to the Virulence of the Organisms which were Isolated from the Cases

(1) A localised epidemic of diphtheria of a clinically mild type (both as regards local and general symptoms) was associated with the prevalence in the fauces of patients and contacts of strains of B. diphtheriae of low pathogenicity for animals; 35% of these strains possessed moderate virulence for guinea-pigs, 30% low virulence and 35% were non-virulent.(2) Prolonged nasal discharge after moderately severe diphtheria was in one case associated with a strain of B. diphtheriae which was non-virulent for guinea-pigs.(3) Acid production in various carbohydrate media proved a valuable means of differentiating diphtheria-like bacilli, but the exact composition of the medium is of importance. Peptone water appears to be especially suitable for the basis as being least liable to variation.(4) The agglutination test gave a fairly uniform result with most of the strains of virulent B. diphtheriae, but three virulent strains did not give a decided positive reaction to this test. Of the non-virulent strains half gave a slight, the remainder a negative result.Bacillus pseudo-diphtheriae (Hofmann) and certain acid producing diphtheroids gave no reaction.(5) B. fusiformis and spirochaetes occurred in large numbers on the fauces in this epidemic of diphtheria, in association with the B. diphtheriae.(6) After all the boys had received prophylactic infections of antitoxin and after the carriers had been isolated the epidemic promptly ceased.I have to thank Lieut.-Col. Sir Joseph Fayrer, Medical Officer of the Duke of York's School, who was at the time Acting Commandant, for his permission to publish this account.I am very much indebted to Dr Boycott and Dr Marshall for the very large amount of help which they gave me, and to Dr Dean for his assistance throughout the investigation.