PENGENDALIAN NYAMUK AEDES SPP MENGGUNAKAN PERANGKAP ALAMIAH

Aedes spp mosquito is the primary vector or the main transmitter of dengue fever. it’s existence cause public health disturbing. Many research are being done to find ways of controlling mosquitoes, one of them by using a mosquito trap attractants. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the addition of attractants to modified mosquito trap to the Aedes aegypti mosquitoes control. The study design using analytical methods with a "post-test only control group design". The number of mosquitoes that are used at each observation cage was 30, with 9 times repetition. One way ANOVA used to analized the data then followed by LSD test. Results modifications mosquito trap attractants addition of palm sugar solution mixed with yeast bread is more effective (ρ = 0.000) of the yeast mixed tape.

Autoaggression and Tactile Communication in Pairs of Adult Stumptailed Macaques

Autoaggression (fighting behaviour directed to one's own body) is a trait quite commonly observed in captive macaques and is presumably induced by separate housing of the animals which prevents fighting between different individuals. Laboratory experiments in pairs of female stumptailed macaques noted for showing autoaggression were aimed at studying how the amount of time spent in autoaggression is affected by tactile interaction with a partner. Six different animals were used as subject as well as partner. Behaviour recording occurred during a subject's stay in the observation cage. Three experimental situations each lasting 15 minutes were used: t) tactile partner situation in which the partner was also present in the observation cage; v) visual partner situation: subject and partner were separated by a plexiglass sheet; n) no partner: the subject was alone. These situations were established during two immediately following observation periods so as to enable study of 1) effects of difference in immediate situation and 2) effects of difference in previous experience. Results showed that, during the tactile partner situation, the time spent in autoaggression was less than in the visual and no partner situations; the latter two did not differ consistently. The relatively small amount of autoaggression shown in the tactile situation was primarily due to the occurrence of allogrooming between subject and partner. There was no marked occurrence of alloaggression, so that there is no basis for the assumption that a shift from auto- to alloaggression is the primary cause of the relatively low level of autoaggression in the tactile partner situations. An effect on, i. e. a reduction of, the amount of time spent in autoaggression from having had an allogrooming experience was observed only in the situation in which the partner remained visually present. The present results suggest that prevention of allogrooming in separately housed macaques might also be a causal factor for development of autoaggression in captivity. In agreement with suggestions by others concerning the function of allogrooming in socially living monkeys, it might be that prevention of allogrooming abolishes suppression of aggression. Aggression is then directed to the subject's own body because fighting with another is also prevented. The fact that autoaggression continues to occur after tactile contact with partners is again possible suggests that it could also serve as avoiding the elicitation and receipt of social aggression.

After-Effects of Allogrooming On Proximity and Locomotion in Pairs of Stumptailed Macaques (Macaca Arctoides)

Laboratory experiments in pairs of stumptailed macaques were aimed at testing the hypothesis that allogrooming behaviour causes a subject to remain close to the partner for a certain period of time. In that case, allogrooming could indeed be regarded as a cohesive force among members of a socially living, natural group. In the experiments, six females were used as subjects; six males were used as partners. Recording concerned various behaviour items (allogrooming, proximity, locomotion, among others) of a subject during her stay in the observation cage. The partner could be present in a compartment adjacent to the observation cage but separated from it by a plexiglass partition sheet. Three experimental situations, each lasting 15 minutes, were used: t) tactile partner situation in which allogrooming could occur through a slit in the plexiglass sheet between subject and partner; v) visual partner situation, with the partner present behind a sheet without slit; and n) no partner situation when the compartment is empty. These situations occurred during two immediately following observations. The order being so as to enable study of 1) effect of differences in immediate situation; 2) changes with time; 3) effects from differences in previous experience. Results confirmed earlier findings that the visual presence of a partner induces in the subject a tendency to be close to the partner and that, if allogrooming is permitted, proximity is enhanced as a consequence of allogrooming. However, there was no evidence in support of the hypothesis that, after allogrooming the partner for some time, the subject would be more in proximity to the male than after it had had no such allogrooming experience. The results showed rather an opposite trend to less proximity and more walking after having groomed a partner for some time, suggesting that the subjects sought contact with the animals in the normal housing quarters which had been left just prior to the beginning of the observations. In view of this, it seems that, if allogrooming acts as a cohesive force between members of a natural group, it docs not act directly upon a tendency to remain close to the (former) allogrooming partner.

Social dominance and habitat utilization in Antechinus stuartii (Marsupialia)

A trapping study of Antechinus stuartii was conducted in subtropical rain forest in 1971-72. Juveniles were communal during the period of abundant food and became solitary in autumn when food diminished. Dyad testing in a field observation cage permitted analysis of social dominance in males. Dominant males had individual ranges in habitats where resources permitted rapid growth throughout winter, whereas subordinate males, in poorer habitat, grew slowly. As winter mortality was low, the advantage of this superior food resource base may lie during the mating season, the more energetic dominant males being able to mate with more females. The probability of contribution to the gene pool by subordinate males appears low. Selection for high male reproductive effort is intensified by the brief annual mating season in this monoestrous species. The life history of this species appears to be geared to predictable seasonal food resources, but it may not be optimal throughout the present range, and the species appears to be evolutionarily trapped.

Consumption of jack-pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus Freeman, by the eastern chipping sparrow, Spizella passerina (Bechstein)

Predation by the eastern chipping sparrow, Spizella passerina (Bechstein), on the jack-pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus Freeman, was investigated in northern Michigan. Singing-male counts and bird-banding records provided estimates of bird populations, budworm consumption rates were estimated from observation cage results, and budworm populations were estimated from branch sample counts. Average rate of consumption of all life forms of the budworm was 7.8/h per bird and remained nearly the same regardless of the number of life stages of the budworm available. Overall consumption was 3000/acre (7500/ha) for adults, 600/acre (1500/ha) for juveniles, and 300/acre (750/ha) for nestlings over a 22-day feeding period, resulting in 0.92% budworm mortality. Methods of estimating juvenile and nestling consumption of budworm are presented.

Behaviuoral changes associated with the population cycle of Antechinus stuartii (Marsupialia)

The behaviour of field populations of A. stuartii was monitored in relation to their demography by diad testing. Marked and unmarked pairs were tested in a field observation cage. Two measures of activity and the frequency of 10 behaviour categories were recorded for each test. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed the sex of the animal and time of year to be the best predictors of aggression parameters. The frequencies of behaviour categories suggest that males and females behave quite differently. Males show a trend of increasing aggressiveness over the annual cycle whereas females do not. Repeated laboratory testing of males in 'mating condition' exacerbates aggression as their weight and general appearance deteriorate. It is suggested that the externally synchronized life cycle programs the aggression increase, and this causes physical deterioration, rather than the reverse.