Study of the action mechanisms of Arnica montana effects on macrophages

Objective: To test the effect of Arnica montana (Arnica m.) on human macrophages. Method: The human monocytic leukaemia cell line THP-1 was cultured and differentiated in mature macrophages with PMA and other differentiating agents. Macrophages were exposed to Arnica m. homeopathic dilutions (2c, 3c, 5c, 9c and 15c) or Control solvent. Total RNA was isolated and sequenced to perform quantitative evaluation. Results: Screening sorted out with a list of 20 genes that were significantly changed by Arnica m. 2c treatment: 7 up-regulated and 13 down-regulated. Most notably, a clearly up-regulated function concerned the proteinaceous extracellular matrix (ECM), including genes HSPG2, FBN2, FN1 (p

Ocular infiltration as initial presentation of acute monocytic leukaemia transformed from chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia associated with BRAF V600E mutation

Acute monocytic leukaemia (French-British-American classification: AML-M5b) is characterised by a predominance of cells of the monocytic lineage on bone marrow examination. Furthermore, a discerning feature is its tendency for tissue infiltration. While gum hypertrophy and hepatosplenomegaly are common, ocular involvement is rare. Here, we present a case of a 75-year-old man referred with proptosis and monocytosis—subsequently diagnosed as AML-M5b, whose disease course was distinguished by extensive tissue invasion (ocular, pulmonary, liver, spleen). Cytogenetics and molecular tests were consistent with blastic transformation of previously undiagnosed chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia, supported by the presence of long-standing, low-grade monocytosis. Notably, a BRAF V600E mutation was also detected—an oncogenic driver previously reported in de novo and therapy-related, but not chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia-transformed, AML-M5b. While an initial response to cytoreductive treatment was observed, his tissue-invasive disease soon progressed with worsening pulmonary infiltrates, disseminated intravascular coagulation and renal failure, resulting in death.