A resonator coupler for subcutaneous implants has been developed with a new impedance matching pattern added to the conventional loop antenna. The tuning element of a concentric metal pad contributes distributed capacitance and inductance to the planar inductive loop and improves resonance significantly. It provides a better qualify factor for resonant coupling and a much lower reflection coefficient for the implant electronics. Practical constraints are taken into account for designs including the requirement of operation within a regulated frequency band and the limited thickness for a monolithic implant. In this work, two designs targeting to operate in the two industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands at 903 MHz and 2.45 GHz are considered. The tuning metal pad improves their resonances significantly, compared to the conventional loop designs. Since it is difficult to tune the implant antenna after implantation, the effects of tissue depth variations due to the individual’s surgery and the appropriate implant depths are investigated. Simulations conducted with the dielectric properties of human skin documented in the literature are compared to measurements done with hydrated ground pork as phantoms. Experiments and simulations are conducted to explain the discrepancies in frequency shifts due to the uses of pork phantoms. The design method is thus validated for uses on human skin. A noninvasive localization method to identify the implant under the skin has been examined and demonstrated by both simulations and measurements. It can efficiently locate the subcutaneous implant based on the high quality-factor resonance owing to the tuning elements in both implant and transmitter couplers. The planar resonant coupler for wireless power transfer shows good performance and promise in subcutaneous applications for implants.
A Resonant Coupler for Subcutaneous Implant
