The enforcement of the global sulfur cap in maritime transport

Purpose The International Maritime Organization has decided that as of 1.1.2020, SOx content in a ship’s emissions should be no more than 0.5 per cent. The purpose of this paper is to address the various challenges expected to arise from the enforcement of the global cap sulfur regulation. Design/methodology/approach The authors outline various enforcement options and present a model that calculates the profits from noncompliance in the high seas, so as to help determine the level of fines that could be imposed in case of violation. Findings The main finding is that a harmonized system of fines, which are more than potential savings from cheating, would be a strong deterrent for compliance. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, no paper in the maritime literature on sulfur regulations has focused on enforcement as of yet.

Sulfur Regulation of the Sulfate Transporter GenessutA and sutB in Penicillium chrysogenum

ABSTRACT Penicillium chrysogenum uses sulfate as a source of sulfur for the biosynthesis of penicillin. Sulfate uptake and the mRNA levels of the sulfate transporter-encoding sutB andsutA genes are all reduced by high sulfate concentrations and are elevated by sulfate starvation. In a high-penicillin-yielding strain, sutB is effectively transcribed even in the presence of excess sulfate. This deregulation may facilitate the efficient incorporation of sulfur into cysteine and penicillin.