Reasons for Encroachment on State Real Estate، and its Downsides (Analytical Study)

The phenomenon of abuses on state real estate has exceeded all expectations، due to its increase for political، legal، economic and social reasons، as the state’s real estate has not been spared from encroachment on it in recent times، and the abuse has formed different patterns، the motive of which is according to its status the interests of the transgressors، which resulted in the time At the present time، and in particular after the fall of the defunct Baathist regime، the state's property was liberated، as there was no strong deterrent to it. Despite the issuance of strict laws and decisions criminalizing and forbidding encroachment on state real estate، and with the presence of the executive and judicial authorities concerned with their application and implementation، the phenomenon of transgression is on the rise، which results in many negatives and on many levels، the most important of which is wasting public money and non-compliance and respect for the law، As well as the demographic change of cities. The research dealt with these issues as an attempt to contribute to presenting the problem of abuse، and to provide solutions to it، In order to understand the aspects of the research، the study was divided into two sections، In the first section، we discuss the concept of encroachment on state real estate، As for the second topic، we are devoted to talking about the causes of encroachment on state real estate، We also conclude the research by mentioning the most important conclusions and recommendations.

Ecology of Fear: Spines, Armor and Noxious Chemicals Deter Predators in Cancer and in Nature

In nature, many multicellular and unicellular organisms use constitutive defenses such as armor, spines, and noxious chemicals to keep predators at bay. These defenses render the prey difficult and/or dangerous to subdue and handle, which confers a strong deterrent for predators. The distinct benefit of this mode of defense is that prey can defend in place and continue activities such as foraging even under imminent threat of predation. The same qualitative types of armor-like, spine-like, and noxious defenses have evolved independently and repeatedly in nature, and we present evidence that cancer is no exception. Cancer cells exist in environments inundated with predator-like immune cells, so the ability of cancer cells to defend in place while foraging and proliferating would clearly be advantageous. We argue that these defenses repeatedly evolve in cancers and may be among the most advanced and important adaptations of cancers. By drawing parallels between several taxa exhibiting armor-like, spine-like, and noxious defenses, we present an overview of different ways these defenses can appear and emphasize how phenotypes that appear vastly different can nevertheless have the same essential functions. This cross-taxa comparison reveals how cancer phenotypes can be interpreted as anti-predator defenses, which can facilitate therapy approaches which aim to give the predators (the immune system) the upper hand. This cross-taxa comparison is also informative for evolutionary ecology. Cancer provides an opportunity to observe how prey evolve in the context of a unique predatory threat (the immune system) and varied environments.

From Textuality to Universality: The Evolution of Ḥirābah Crimes in Islamic Jurisprudence

The issue of the escalation of crime, which is increasingly varied and is getting heavier, is becoming a global concern. The development and progress of the world seems to have contributed to changes in the type and quality of crime, not only in the form and method, but also in the damage it causes. Crime trends increasingly point to collective crimes, systematic crimes, and crimes with extensive and massive excess damage. This article intends to criticize the systematic change (evolution) that has occurred in the concept of ḥirābah crime in Islamic law from a classical to contemporary perspective. The qualitative analysis of this article is focused on three fundamental issues, namely; ḥirābah interpretation, ḥirābah liability, and ḥirābah punishment. The author reveals in the conclusion that; first, based on its elements and characteristics, the definition of ḥirābah can be expanded to include new types of crimes such as; terrorism, rape, and drug trafficking and smuggling. Second, it is necessary to reconstruct the ḥirābah responsibility theory into a formulation that considers the principle of legal certainty and the principle of equality before the law. The reconstruction model, among others, is the affirmation that all people who involve themselves in the crime are perpetrators of ḥirābah (with an ishtirāk approach). Likewise, reconstruction efforts are needed to enforce equality of accountability between male and female actors. Third, as a serious crime, ḥirābah deserves a severe punishment and has a strong deterrent effect, as offered by Islamic law. However, the opportunity to give dispensation to the punishment will always be open if the perpetrator can prove his seriousness in repenting.[Eskalasi kriminalitas yang semakin beragam dan berat telah menjadi perhatian global saat ini. Pembangunan dan kemajuan dunia berkontribusi pada perubahan pola dan tingkat kriminalitas, tidak hanya bentuk dan cara, tetapi juga akibat yang ditimbulkan. Trend kriminalitas bertambah mulai dari yang berkelompok, sistematis, hingga yang kerusakannya masif dan pengaruhnya panjang. Tulisan ini mengkritisi perubahan sistematis pada konsep kriminal (ḥirābah) dalam hukum Islam dari pendekatan klasik hingga kontemporer. Analisis kualitatif dalam tulisan ini fokus pada tiga hal mendasar yaitu penafsiran, arah kecenderungan dan hukuman. Kesimpulan pertama tulisan ini adalah definisi kriminal berdasarkan unsur dan karakternya yang dapat meluas maknanya termasuk terorisme, pemerkosaan, narkoba, dan penyelundupan. Kedua, perlu rekonstruksi baru teori kriminalitas yang mempertimbangkan kepastian hukum dan kesetaraan hak dimuka hukum. Ketiga, sebagai kejahatan serius, ḥirābah pantas mendapat hukuman berat dan mempunyai efek pencegahan yang kuat seperti halnya dalam hukum Islam. Meski demikian, ada peluang dispensasi hukuman jika pelaku dapat menunjukkan kesungguhan untuk bertobat.]

Problems in Millennial Parenting Phenomenological Study in Indonesia

This study aimed to describe the problems in parenting to the Millennial generations and the solutions done by their parents in Millennial caregiving. It was qualitative research. The informants of this research were families; fathers, mothers, and children in millennial generation age namely mothers and fathers as primary informants and children as secondary informants. Criteria of primary informants were mothers and fathers whose children were born between 1995 and 2010. Then the children were those who are closely attached to technology (mobile phones, tablets, computers, etc.). There are 4 mother as main informants. The data collection technique in this study was a semi-structured interview. The data were collected through voice recording devices using mobile phones and stationery. Data triangulation techniques were used as data credibility testing. the finding, it could be concluded that the parents found some problems in their millennial children who liked to play mobile phones, such as they become handphone addicted, difficult to control, lazy, and stubborn. Their lazy habit was started from the intensive use of mobile phones. They discovered many more interesting things from the virtual world than the real world. As a result, when the parents ordered them to do something, they were procrastination on the requests because they did not want to miss interesting things from their cell phones. Problems arising in care come from internal and external influences. The influences can be the guilt of the parents themselves, the last education achieved insight and knowledge. Lack of insight into technology becomes its obstacle. Parents who were low understanding of technology would find it difficult to keep up with parenting because it is the era for the parents to master it. On the contrary, the external influence comes from the environment and culture around the family. An active environment with technology forces children to follow the environment. Parents of the Millennial generation can make their children discipline in using cell phones in various ways namely, confiscating cell phones directly so that children get a strong deterrent effect and advising them wisely in using cell phones.

Towards A Directors’ Competition Disqualification Regime in Nigeria: Lessons from the UK

This article argues that Nigeria should introduce a competition disqualification regime for company directors as a deliberate strategy to foster corporate compliance with the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act 2018. It contends that the custodial and financial sanctions provided for under the act may not sufficiently deter directors from engaging in anti-competitive behaviour. It seeks to demonstrate that the “threat” of incarceration, which would ordinarily have a strong deterrent effect, is rarely imposed, as courts tend to prefer imposing fines on directors and individuals who breach competition law. For that reason, the article proposes that Nigeria should adopt a strategy of disqualifying directors who oversee companies that breach competition law, or who are complicit in that regard, as a means of complementing existing sanctions. In order to achieve its objective, the article examines the competition disqualification regime in the UK in order to extract valuable lessons that Nigeria can emulate.

An inconspicuous, integrated electronic travel aid for visual impairment

With a globally aging population, visual impairment is an increasingly pressing problem for our society. This form of disability drastically reduces the quality of life and constitutes a large cost to the health care system. Mobility of the visually impaired is one of the most critical aspects affected by this disability, and yet it relies on low-tech solutions, such as the white cane and guide dogs. However, many avoid solutions entirely. In part, reluctance to use these solutions may be explained by their obtrusiveness, which is also a strong deterrent for the adoption of many new devices. In this paper, we leverage new advancements in artificial intelligence, sensor systems, and soft electroactive materials toward an electronic travel aid with an obstacle detection and avoidance system for the visually impaired. The travel aid incorporates a stereoscopic camera platform, enabling computer vision, and a wearable haptic device that can stimulate discrete locations on the user's abdomen to signal the presence of surrounding obstacles. The proposed technology could be integrated into commercial backpacks and support belts, thereby guaranteeing a discreet and unobtrusive solution.

The impact of board gender diversity on financial reporting practices in Kazakhstan

Purpose This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies. Design/methodology/approach This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context. Findings This research paper concentrates on how the presence of women on board of directors in listed companies in Kazakhstan may impact on the quality and trustworthiness of financial reporting. Based on the analysis, women were found to play a key role in mitigating earnings management (EM) and other information failures within these organizations. Furthermore, Board diversity was found to be a particularly strong deterrent to EM in high litigious industries within emerging markets. The results also convey that EM practices are less common in firms that have a higher number of directors, and in profitable companies. Originality/value The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.

Living with Uncertainty: Modeling China's Nuclear Survivability

Many strategists argue that to deter a nuclear attack, states must be certain of their ability to retaliate after a nuclear first strike. China's nuclear posture of uncertain retaliation suggests an alternative logic. Given the catastrophic consequences of a nuclear attack, uncertain retaliation can have a strong deterrent effect, and assured retaliation is not necessary. A simplified nuclear exchange model developed to evaluate China's nuclear retaliatory capabilities against the Soviet Union in 1984 and the United States in 2000 and 2010 shows that China's nuclear retaliatory capability has been and remains far from assured. In its 2010 Nuclear Posture Review Report, the United States promised to maintain strategic stability with China; therefore, the 2010 scenario can be considered as a baseline for China-U.S. strategic stability. Both China and the United States are developing or modernizing their strategic offensive and defensive weapons. The technical competition between China and the United States favors each in different ways. A hypothetical scenario of China versus the United States in 2025 reveals that China-U.S. strategic stability will likely be maintained at no lower than its 2010 level.

The limits to the internationalisation of regulation: divergent enforcement strategies in China’s food safety regulation

This article empirically analyses enforcement strategies that characterise food safety regulations in China. It demonstrates that the Chinese government has deployed a dichotomous approach, resulting in very different regulations in its domestic and export food markets. The export food sector exhibits strong deterrent measures whereas regulation of domestic food markets is reactive and relies on persuasive approaches to enforcement. These variations between the two sectors result from a combination of the internationalisation of regulatory practice in the case of exports and resource constraints, a lack of institutional capacity and resistance to regulation from intertwined business and government interests when it comes to domestic food markets. This article addresses a gap in existing theories of regulation by showing how an industrialising economy with an authoritarian regime employs an accommodative and pragmatic approach to regulation that balances international pressure and national interests and produces contrasting approaches in different sectors.

The enforcement of the global sulfur cap in maritime transport

Purpose The International Maritime Organization has decided that as of 1.1.2020, SOx content in a ship’s emissions should be no more than 0.5 per cent. The purpose of this paper is to address the various challenges expected to arise from the enforcement of the global cap sulfur regulation. Design/methodology/approach The authors outline various enforcement options and present a model that calculates the profits from noncompliance in the high seas, so as to help determine the level of fines that could be imposed in case of violation. Findings The main finding is that a harmonized system of fines, which are more than potential savings from cheating, would be a strong deterrent for compliance. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, no paper in the maritime literature on sulfur regulations has focused on enforcement as of yet.