Real-time detection of microgrid islanding considering sources of uncertainty using type-2 fuzzy logic and PSO algorithm

In this paper, a new innovative type-2 fuzzy-based for microgrid (MG) islanding detection is proposed in the condition of uncertainties. Load and generation uncertainties are two main sources of uncertainties in microgrids (MGs). Regardless of the uncertainties, the results cannot be confirmed. The proposed controller detects islanding in the fastest time under different conditions, and the uncertainties in the system will not considerably affect the controller’s performance. The proposed method is simulated on the sample system and examined in different scenarios. Then, a comparison is made in different conditions and scenarios between the suggested method and some common methods that have been presented so far to demonstrate the ability of the proposed method for islanding detection.

Determination of Economic Leakage Level with Optimization Algorithm in Water Distribution Systems

It is necessary to set the most appropriate targets in water loss management (WLM) and to choose the most economically and technically suitable method to achieve these targets. The aim of this work is to define the level of economic leakage with the optimization algorithm in sustainable WLM, considering the system components, requirements and costs of the methods. For this purpose, a new model based on discrete stochastic optimization has been developed to determine the most appropriate values of the pressure level and the number of teams. After the system components were entered into the model, the optimal values of parameters were determined according to the problem-specific defined objective function. It was calculated that the pressure should be reduced from 40[Formula: see text]m to 25.30[Formula: see text]m, and the number of teams was 4 for the sample system. The Economic Leakage Level for the system was calculated as 145.85[Formula: see text]m3/day in volume and 11.9% in percentage.

Large Scale Membrane Movement Induced by a Cation Switch

<p></p><p>A biomembrane sample system where millimolar changes of cations induce reversible large scale (≥ 200 Å) changes in the membrane-to-surface distance is described. The system composes of a free-floating bilayer (FFB), formed adjacent to a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). To examine the membrane movements, differently charged FFBs in the presence and absence of Ca2+ and Na+, respectively, were examined using neutron reflectivity (NR) and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements, alongside molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In NR the variation of Ca2+ and Na+ concentration enabled precision manipulation of the FFB-to-surface distance. Simulations suggest that Ca2+ ions bridge between SAM and bilayer whereas the more diffuse binding of Na+, especially to bilayers, is unable to fully overcome the repulsion between anionic FFB and anionic SAM. Reproduced NR results with QCM demonstrate the potential of this easily producible sample system to become a standard analysis tool for e.g. investigating membrane binding effects, endocytosis and cell signalling.<br></p><p></p>

Perancangan Furniture Multifungsi Kamar Kos Mahasiswa di Surabaya dengan Pendekatan Ergonomi

Abstract— Boarding house is one of the vertical dwellings with certain tariffs which are useful as temporary residences, both those who study far from their homes or work in uncertain locations. With ongoing price inflation, the boarding house entrepreneurs will optimize development for their business, one of which will affect the size of the boarding room. Retrieval of data using interview techniques with a sample system. Interviews were conducted so that this study uses an ergonomics approach and product design, so that the products created are suitable and comfortable when used. Ergonomics will be combined with anthropometry, with the aim that the product is created with a very comfortable size and product design is used to help arrange and sort the best product design. The results of data processing get a multifunctional room furniture concept that uses a modern design with a size of 2.2m x 2m x 2m, using full wood raw material and has a bed and folding table, has a drawer and cupboard. This concept will be shown to boarders and boarding entrepreneurs, 90% of 20 resource persons expressed interest in this concept. After calculating the selling price, this product is valued at Rp. 3,050,000. After conducting market testing, no one is interested in buying this product. Keywords: boarding house, design, price Abstrak— Kos merupakan salah satu hunian vertikal dengan tarif tertentu yang berguna sebagai tempat tinggal sementara, baik itu yang menempuh pendidikan di luar tempat tinggal atau bekerja pada lokasi yang tidak menentu. Dengan inflasi harga berkelanjutan membuat parar pengusaha kos akan mengoptimalkan pembangunan untuk bisnis mereka, salah satunya akan berdampak pada ukuran kamar kos. Pengambilan data menggunakan teknik interview dengan sistem sampel. Interview dilakukan agar Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan ergonomi dan perancangan produk, agar produk yang diciptakan sesuai dan nyaman saat digunakan. Ergonomi akan dipadukan dengan antropometri yang bertujuan produk diciptakan dengan ukuran yang sangat nyaman dan perancangan produk digunakan untuk membantu dalam merangkai dan memilah rancangan produk yang paling baik. Hasil dari pengolahan data mendapatkan konsep Furniture kamar multifungsi yang menggunakan desain modern dengan ukuran 2.2m x 2m x 2m, menggunakan bahan baku full kayu serta memiliki ranjang dan meja lipat, memiliki laci dan lemari. Konsep ini akan ditunjukan terhadap penghuni kos dan pengusaha kos, 90% dari 20 narasumber menyatakan berminat terhadap konsep ini. Setelah dilakukan perhitungan untuk harga jual, produk ini dihargai sebesar Rp. 3.050.000. Setelah dilakukan market testing, produk belum ada yang berminat untuk membelinya. Kata kunci: kos, desain, harga

Real-time Detection of Microgrid Islanding Considering Sources of Uncertainty Using Type-2 Fuzzy Logic and PSO Algorithm

Background: Nowadays, in microgrids based on renewable energy resources (RESs), the uncertainties of load and power generation of distributed generation (DGs) resources is inevitable, which if not taken into account, will lead to errors in network analysis. Results: In this paper, a new method based on type-2 fuzzy logic isproposed to detect microgrid islanding; in whichthe power system does not misoperateduring complex operations, can correctly discriminate the microgrid islandingand other network events at the proper time, and prevent the undesirable performance of DGs. This controller detects islanding in the fastest time under different conditions, and the uncertainties in the system will not considerablyaffect the controller's performance. Conclusions: The proposed method is simulated on the sample system and examined in different scenarios. Then, a comparison is made in different conditions and scenarios between the suggested method and some common methods that have been presented so far to determine the ability of the proposed method to detect islanding.

Large Scale Membrane Movement Induced by a Cation Switch

<p>A biomembrane sample system where millimolar changes of cations induce reversible large scale (≥ 200 Å) changes in the membrane-to-surface distance is described. The system composes of a free-floating bilayer (FFB), formed adjacent to a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). To examine the membrane movements, differently charged FFBs in the presence and absence of Ca²⁺ and Na⁺, respectively, were examined using neutron reflectivity (NR) and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements, alongside molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In NR the variation of Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ concentration enabled precision manipulation of the FFB-to-surface distance. Simulations suggest that Ca²⁺ ions bridge between SAM and bilayer whereas the more diffuse binding of Na⁺, especially to bilayers, is unable to fully overcome the repulsion between anionic FFB and anionic SAM. Reproduced NR results with QCM demonstrate the potential of this easily producible sample system to become a standard analysis tool for e.g. investigating membrane binding effects, endocytosis and cell signalling.<br></p>

Large Scale Membrane Movement Induced by a Cation Switch

<p>A biomembrane sample system where millimolar changes of cations induce reversible large scale (≥ 200 Å) changes in the membrane-to-surface distance is described. The system composes of a free-floating bilayer (FFB), formed adjacent to a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). To examine the membrane movements, differently charged FFBs in the presence and absence of Ca²⁺ and Na⁺, respectively, were examined using neutron reflectivity (NR) and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements, alongside molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In NR the variation of Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ concentration enabled precision manipulation of the FFB-to-surface distance. Simulations suggest that Ca²⁺ ions bridge between SAM and bilayer whereas the more diffuse binding of Na⁺, especially to bilayers, is unable to fully overcome the repulsion between anionic FFB and anionic SAM. Reproduced NR results with QCM demonstrate the potential of this easily producible sample system to become a standard analysis tool for e.g. investigating membrane binding effects, endocytosis and cell signalling.<br></p>