Using games to improve learning vocabulary for non-English-majored students at Bac Lieu university

The fact is that teaching and learning vocabulary is one of the most complicated problems, and the traditional way of vocabulary instructions proves ineffective, and even worse, decreasing students’ interest and motivations in their study and work. An experimental case study was conducted with two respective classes at Bac Lieu University, Vietnam. Accordingly, in one experimental class, vocabulary was taught with the cooperative vocabulary games at the practice and revision stages. The results revealed that games could be used to improve non-English-majored students’ learning vocabulary at Bac Lieu University because of its following major effects. Firstly, games brought in relaxation and fun for students, thus helped them learn and retain new words more easily. In other words, students could be more interested in learning the vocabulary. Secondly, games usually involved friendly competition and they kept learners interested. These created the motivation for learners of English to get involved and participated actively in the learning activities. Finally, games created meaningful contexts for language practice. The more they practiced the more they could use the words. Then they learnt better and had higher results in their achievement as well.

ARCH-COMP 2020 Category Report: Falsification

This report presents the results from the 2020 friendly competition in the ARCH workshop for the falsification of temporal logic specifications over Cyber-Physical Systems. We briefly describe the competition settings, which have been inherited from the previous year, give background on the participating teams and tools and discuss the selected benchmarks. The benchmarks are available on the ARCH website1, as well as in the competition’s gitlab repository2. In comparison to 2019, we have two new participating tools with novel approaches, and the results show a clear improvement over previous performances on some benchmarks.

ARCH-COMP20 Category Report: Continuous and Hybrid Systems with Nonlinear Dynamics

We present the results of a friendly competition for formal verification of continuous and hybrid systems with nonlinear continuous dynamics. The friendly competition took place as part of the workshop Applied Verification for Continuous and Hybrid Systems (ARCH) in 2020. This year, 6 tools Ariadne, CORA, DynIbex, Flow*, Isabelle/HOL, and JuliaReach (in alphabetic order) participated. These tools are applied to solve reachability analysis problems on six benchmark problems, two of them featuring hybrid dynamics. We do not rank the tools based on the results, but show the current status and discover the potential advantages of different tools.

ARCH-COMP20 Category Report: Stochastic Models

This report presents the results of a friendly competition for formal verification and policy synthesis of stochastic models. It also introduces new benchmarks within this category, and recommends next steps for this category towards next year’s edition of the competition. The friendly competition took place as part of the workshop Applied Verification for Continuous and Hybrid Systems (ARCH) in Spring/Summer 2020.

ARCH-COMP20 Category Report:Hybrid Systems Theorem Proving

This paper reports on the Hybrid Systems Theorem Proving (HSTP) category in the ARCH-COMP Friendly Competition 2020. The characteristic features of the HSTP category remain as in the previous editions [MST+18, MST+19]: i) The flexibility of pro- gramming languages as structuring principles for hybrid systems, ii) The unambiguity and precision of program semantics, and iii) The mathematical rigor of logical reason- ing principles. The HSTP category especially features many nonlinear and parametric continuous and hybrid systems. Owing to the nature of theorem proving, HSTP again accommodates three modes: A) Automatic in which the entire verification is performed fully automatically without any additional input beyond the original hybrid system and its safety specification. H) Hints in which select proof hints are provided as part of the input problem specification, allowing users to communicate specific advice about the sys- tem such as loop invariants. S) Scripted in which a significant part of the verification is done with dedicated proof scripts or problem-specific proof tactics. This threefold split makes it possible to better identify the sources of scalability and efficiency bottlenecks in hybrid systems theorem proving. The existence of all three categories also makes it easier for new tools with a different focus to participate in the competition, wherever they focus on in the spectrum from fast proof checking all the way to full automation. The types of benchmarks considered and experimental findings with the participating theorem provers KeYmaera, KeYmaera X 4.6.3, KeYmaera X 4.8.0, Isabelle/HOL/Hybrid-Systems-VCs, and HHL Prover are described in this paper as well.

ARCH-COMP20 Category Report: Continuous and Hybrid Systems with Linear Continuous Dynamics

We present the results of the ARCH1 2020 friendly competition for formal verification of continuous and hybrid systems with linear continuous dynamics. In its fourth edition, eight tools have been applied to solve eight different benchmark problems in the category for linear continuous dynamics (in alphabetical order): CORA, C2E2, HyDRA, Hylaa, Hylaa-Continuous, JuliaReach, SpaceEx, and XSpeed. This report is a snapshot of the current landscape of tools and the types of benchmarks they are particularly suited for. Due to the diversity of problems, we are not ranking tools, yet the presented results provide one of the most complete assessments of tools for the safety verification of continuous and hybrid systems with linear continuous dynamics up to this date.

ARCH-COMP20 Category Report: Hybrid Systems with Piecewise Constant Dynamics and Bounded Model Checking

This report presents the results of a friendly competition for formal verification of continuous and hybrid systems with piecewise constant dynamics. The friendly competition took place as part of the workshop Applied Verification for Continuous and Hybrid Systems (ARCH) in 2020. In this fourth edition, five tools have been applied to solve six different benchmark problems in the category for piecewise constant dynamics: BACH, PHAVerLite, PHAVer/SX, TROPICAL, and XSpeed. Compared to last year, we combine the HBMC and HPWC categories of ARCH-COMP 2019 to a new category PCDB (hybrid systems with Piecewise Constant bounds on the Dynamics (HPCD) and Bounded model checking (BMC) of HPCD systems). The result is a snapshot of the current landscape of tools and the types of benchmarks they are particularly suited for. Due to the diversity of problems, we are not ranking tools, yet the presented results probably provide the most complete assessment of tools for the safety verification of continuous and hybrid systems with piecewise constant dynamics up to this date.

ARCH-COMP20 Category Report: Artificial Intelligence and Neural Network Control Systems (AINNCS) for Continuous and Hybrid Systems Plants

This report presents the results of a friendly competition for formal verification of continuous and hybrid systems with artificial intelligence (AI) components. Specifically, machine learning (ML) components in cyber-physical systems (CPS), such as feedforward neural networks used as feedback controllers in closed-loop systems are considered, which is a class of systems classically known as intelligent control systems, or in more modern and specific terms, neural network control systems (NNCS). We more broadly refer to this category as AI and NNCS (AINNCS). The friendly competition took place as part of the workshop Applied Verification for Continuous and Hybrid Systems (ARCH) in 2020. In the second edition of this AINNCS category at ARCH-COMP, four tools have been applied to solve seven different benchmark problems, (in alphabetical order): NNV, OVERT, ReachNN*, and VenMAS. This report is a snapshot of the current landscape of tools and the types of benchmarks for which these tools are suited. Due to the diversity of problems, lack of a shared hardware platform, and the early stage of the competition, we are not ranking tools in terms of performance, yet the presented results probably provide the most complete assessment of current tools for safety verification of NNCS.

3. Magic wand

‘Magic wand’ refers to the ‘correspondence principle’ that Bohr devised and deployed to investigate the interface between quantum and ordinary (‘classical’) physics. The chapter covers various lines of work, some inspired by his approach and some independent of it, all of which confirmed its fertility. The mobilization of the international brotherhood of physicists for the Great War gave Bohr breathing space to develop the correspondence principle with the help of Hendrik Kramers, who had come to neutral Denmark to study with him, and in friendly competition with Arnold Sommerfeld, who made important formal extensions of the theory.