Why-type Question to Query Reformulation for efficient Document Retrieval

Understanding the actual need of user from a question is very crucial in non-factoid why-question answering as Why-questions are complex and involve ambiguity and redundancy in their understanding. The precise requirement is to determine the focus of question and reformulate them accordingly to retrieve expected answers to a question. The paper analyzes different types of why-questions and proposes an algorithm for each class to determine the focus and reformulate it into a query by appending focal terms and cue phrase ‘because’ with it. Further, a user interface is implemented which asks input why-question, applies different components of question , reformulates it and finally retrieve web pages by posing query to Google search engine. To measure the accuracy of the process, user feedback is taken which asks them to assign scoring from 1 to 10, on how relevant are the retrieved web pages according to their understanding. The results depict that maximum precision of 89% is achieved in Informational type why-questions and minimum of 48% in opinionated type why-questions.

2. Actus reus

This chapter provides an overview of actus reus, which refers to the ‘external elements’ of an offence. These external elements do not simply relate to D’s conduct. Rather, as we will see, the actus reus of an offence includes any offence elements outside of the fault element (‘mens rea’) of the offence. Before discussing the elements that form the actus reus, this chapter considers the distinction between actus reus and mens rea. It then describes the three elements of actus reus: conduct, circumstances, and results. It also explains the categories of actus reus offences, omissions liability, and causation before concluding with sections that outline potential options for legal reform and a structure for analysing the actus reus of an offence when applying the law in a problem-type question. Relevant cases are highlighted throughout the chapter, with a brief summary of the main facts and judgment.

3. Mens rea

This chapter provides an overview of mens rea, loosely translated as ‘guilty mind’. Whereas the concept of actus reus focusses on the external elements of an offence, mens rea focusses on state of mind or fault. The mens rea of the offence describes the fault element with which D acted: D intended, believed, foresaw as a risk of the proscribed element; and so on. The chapter first considers how offences differ in the role mens rea plays. For some offences a mens rea element may be required in relation to each actus reus element; for other offences there are actus reus elements that do not have a corresponding mens rea and vice versa. The chapter moves on to discuss the legal meaning of central mens rea terms such as ‘intention’, ‘negligence’, ‘dishonesty’, and ‘recklessness’. Finally, it outlines reform debates, and a structure for analysing the mens rea of an offence when applying the law in a problem-type question. Relevant cases are highlighted throughout the chapter.

Optimizing Residual Plots for Likert Data

Likert-type questions are widely used in survey in social science and produce discrete and repeated data. When plotting residuals from a linear model whose dependent variable is measured by Likert-type question, researchers might have problem observing the plot which is always with parallel lines. Adding some disturbance to the dependent variable before plotting can optimize the plot and solve this problem.

7. The Free Movement of Persons

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter presents sample exam questions along with examiner’s tips, answer plans, and suggested answers about the free movement of persons in the EU. The area of law straddles three main subdivisions, comprising the free movement of workers, involving most of the secondary legislation and case law; secondly the freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services; and additionally now, Union citizenship. The chapter includes all types of questions, such as combination essay-type questions, combination problem-type questions, problem questions concerned only with the free movement of workers, an essay-type question concentrating on the free movement of professionals and questions which involve citizenship and wider free movement issues.

1. How to Study Law for Businesses

This chapter begins by identifying the reasons that make the study of business law an important aspect in the wider context of business. It identifies strategies and good practice that will help a student with their studies, and provides a sample problem-type question and guidance on how to prepare a law-based answer. Business law is a distinct topic from other modules on accountancy, business, and management courses. A knowledge of the law cannot be bluffed—it is necessary to be aware of the relevant laws and think about business problems from a legal standpoint. This approach will ensure that legal questions are answered with reference to the law, which is crucial to being successful in the business law module.

2. Actus reus

This chapter provides an overview of actus reus, which refers to the ‘external elements’ of an offence. An actus reus is not simply about the movements of the accused, that is, her conduct. Rather, it includes any offence requirement that is external from the mind of the accused: anything that is not mens rea. Before discussing the elements that form the actus reus, this chapter considers the distinction between actus reus and mens rea. It then describes the three elements of actus reus: conduct, circumstances, and results. It also explains the categories of actus reus offences, omissions liability, and causation before concluding with sections that outline potential options for legal reform and a structure for analysing the actus reus of an offence when applying the law in a problem-type question. Relevant cases are highlighted throughout the chapter, with a brief summary of the main facts and judgment.