Supplemental Material: Eruption dynamics leading to a volcanic thunderstorm—The January 2020 eruption of Taal volcano, Philippines

Expanded methodology and calculations, plume modeling, and details of lightning data and photographs.<br>

Supplemental Material: Eruption dynamics leading to a volcanic thunderstorm—The January 2020 eruption of Taal volcano, Philippines

Expanded methodology and calculations, plume modeling, and details of lightning data and photographs.<br>

Method of the electron distribution function calculation in a problem of the kinetic rarefied plasma plume modeling

A problem related to the rarefied plasma plume of the stationary plasma thruster (SPT) is considered in the paper. The consideration is conducted fully in terms of kinetics, namely, distribution functions are introduced to describe motion of every plasma component. The system of kinetics equations for the distribution functions should be solved in combination with the Maxwell’s equations. The paper discusses methods for solving the stated problem.

Cooling tower plume abatement and plume modeling: a review

Visible plumes above wet cooling towers are of great concern due to the associated aesthetic and environmental impacts. The parallel path wet/dry cooling tower is one of the most commonly used approaches for plume abatement, however, the associated capital cost is usually high due to the addition of the dry coils. Recently, passive technologies, which make use of free solar energy or the latent heat of the hot, moist air rising through the cooling tower fill, have been proposed to minimize or abate the visible plume and/or conserve water. In this review, we contrast established versus novel technologies and give a perspective on the relative merits and demerits of each. Of course, no assessment of the severity of a visible plume can be made without first understanding its atmospheric trajectory. To this end, numerous attempts, being either theoretical or numerical or experimental, have been proposed to predict plume behavior in atmospheres that are either uniform versus density-stratified or still versus windy (whether highly-turbulent or not). Problems of particular interests are plume rise/deflection, condensation and drift deposition, the latter consideration being a concern of public health due to the possible transport and spread of Legionella bacteria.

Methane emission rates from water infrastructures derived from mobile surveys along the final course of the Llobregat basin

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;The final course of the L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;lobregat river (south-west of Barcelona, Spain) is surrounded by densely populated cities, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;industrial areas and agricultural lands. Multiple water infrastructures where anaerobic processes may be expected are present in the basin: three wastewater treatment plants, a drinking water treatment plant, several irrigation channels and a desalination plant. Other likely methane emission infrastructures as waste processing plants or gas refilling stations are present, together with natural methane potential sources as wetlands.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Multiple mobile measurements were performed during 2019 along the final course of the Llobregat basin to study the variability of methane emissions throughout the year. The surveys were carried out in different days at different times with a car equipped with a flight-ready CO2/CH4/H2O cavity ring-down spectrometer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Emissions of different infrastructures and its variability throughout the year has been determined using a statistical approach from the georeferenced data. Local winds and plume modeling has been used to better pinpoint the sources and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;estimate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; the emissions. Finally methane concentrations and emissions variability have been related with meteorological factors as temperature or pressure. These factors, together with human-related management of the water infrastructures, may drive the methane emissions significantly far from inventory estimations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;