Carboniferous biostratigraphy of rugose corals

Rugose corals are one of the major fossil groups in shallow-water environments. They played an important role in dividing and correlating Carboniferous strata during the last century, when regional biostratigraphic schemes were established and may be useful for long-distance correlation. Carboniferous rugose corals document two evolutionary events. One is the Tournaisian recovery event, with abundant occurrences of typical Carboniferous rugose corals such as columellate taxa and a significant diversification of large, dissepimented corals. The other is the changeover of rugose coral composition at the mid-Carboniferous boundary, which is represented by the disappearance of many large dissepimented taxa with complex axial structures and the appearance of typical Pennsylvanian taxa characterized by compound rugose taxa. The biostratigraphic scales for rugose corals show a finer temporal resolution in the Mississippian than in the Pennsylvanian, which was probably caused by the Late Paleozoic Ice Age that resulted in glacial-eustatic changes and a lack of continuous Pennsylvanian carbonate strata. The Pennsylvanian rugose corals are totally missing in the Cimmerian Continent. High-resolution biostratigraphy of rugose corals has so far only achieved in few regions for the Mississippian time scale. In most regions, more detailed taxonomic works and precise correlations between different fossil groups are needed.

Abnormal density of Culcita schmideliana delays recovery of a reef system in the Maldives following a catastrophic bleaching event

Culcita spp. are facultative corallivores that can have a selective effect on coral composition due to their feeding preference for Acropora spp. and Pocillopora spp. Although Culcita are normally rare (<0.5 per 100m2), mean densities of up to 9.2 sea stars per 100m2 were observed on a Maldivian reef system, with the highest numbers on the reef flat and reef crest. Culcita fed on 12 genera of corals, but showed a distinct preference for Pocillopora (51%) and Acropora (21%). Formerly the dominant corals on Maldivian reefs, these genera sustained 80–95% mortality from coral bleaching in 2016. Low numbers of juvenile acroporids and pocilloporids were slowly recolonising the reef, but 24% had recently been eaten by Culcita schmideliana. The abnormal abundance of C. schmideliana and high number of recently dead juvenile corals suggest that chronic predation by C. schmideliana could delay the recovery of reefs damaged by the 2016 mass bleaching event.

CAMBIO TEMPORAL EN LA ESTRUCTURA DE LA COMUNIDAD CORALINA DEL ÁREA DE SANTA MARTA - PARQUE NACIONAL NATURAL TAYRONA (CARIBE COLOMBIANO)

Several predictions have been made, about magnitude and direction of temporal changes in the coral community structure, during the last decade. However, few studies have demonstrated it quantitatively. In order to document such changes, the coral community structure was studied in four continental reefs in the Colombian Caribbean, two in the Santa Marta region: Punta Betín (PB) and Morro Grande Island (MO), and two in the Tayrona National Natural Park (PNNT): Granate cove (GR) and Gayraca bay (GA). Coral composition and cover were quantified in 2002 and compared to base line studies from 1989 (PB, MO & GR) and from 1992 (GA). These variables were quantified by 20 m linear transects between 1.5 m and 29 m depth. After a decade, all reefs lost in average 13.8 % absolute coral cover (with respect to the total of the bottom) and 42 % relative coral cover (with respect to the total of coral bottom). Composition changed through time in the four sampled reefs by decreasing the number of genera and increasing the number of species. The change in genera ranged between 8 and 18% and in species between 27 and 68 % due to the presence/absence of species in samples. Nevertheless, neither the richness nor the diversity showed significant differences for any of the reefs. Montastrea cavernosa y M. annularis are still the dominant species in the community with relative coral cover higher than 20 %. Quantified richness and absolute coral cover during 2002 followed the degradation gradient documented in the past, being the values smaller in the Santa Marta’s reefs and higher in the Tayrona´s. However, absolute percentage coral cover lost showed an inverse pattern, being PB (6 %) the least affected, followed by MO (12.6 %), GR (14.6 %) and being GA (22 %) the most affected. Dead coral in PB and MO was replaced by sponges which cover increased significantly over time; meanwhile in GR and GA, dead coral doesn’t seem to have been replaced by other groups. The scleractinian coral cover lost suggests a significant temporal change in the community structure toward a grater degradation state, which might be shifting reef’s function.

Comparative Effects of Different Disturbances in Coral Reef Habitats in Moorea, French Polynesia

Degradation and loss of critical coastal habitats has significant ramifications for marine fisheries, such that knowledge of changes in habitat quality and quantity are fundamental to effective ecosystem management. This study explores changes in the structure of coral reef habitats, specifically changes in coral cover and composition, in Moorea, French Polynesia, to assess the independent and combined effects of different disturbances since 1979. During this period, reefs on the north coast have been subject to coral bleaching, severe tropical storms, as well as outbreaks ofAcanthaster. Coral cover varied significantly among years, showing marked declines during some, but not all, disturbances. The greatest rates of coral loss coincided with outbreaks ofA. planci. Moreover, successive disturbances have had differential effects among coral genera, leading to strong directional shifts in coral composition.Acroporais declining in abundance and coral assemblages are becoming increasingly dominated byPocillopora and Porites. Observed changes in the cover and composition of corals are likely to have further significant impacts on the reef fish assemblages. Given that significant disturbances have been mostly associated with outbreaks ofA. planci, rather than climate change, effective ecosystem management may reduce and/or delay impending effects of climate change.