Inhomogeneities and Cell-to-Cell Variations in Lithium-Ion Batteries, a Review

Battery degradation is a fundamental concern in battery research, with the biggest challenge being to maintain performance and safety upon usage. From the microstructure of the materials to the design of the cell connectors in modules and their assembly in packs, it is impossible to achieve perfect reproducibility. Small manufacturing or environmental variations will compound big repercussions on pack performance and reliability. This review covers the origins of cell-to-cell variations and inhomogeneities on a multiscale level, their impact on electrochemical performance, as well as their characterization and tracking methods, ranging from the use of large-scale equipment to in-operando studies.

Enzymatic X-ray Absorption Spectroelectrochemistry

valuable information for understanding the mechanism and ultimately aid in catalyst design. Herein, we discuss the development of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) in combination with electrochemistry for operando studies of...