A substructural epistemic resource logic: theory and modelling applications

We present a substructural epistemic logic, based on Boolean BI, in which the epistemic modalities are parametrized on agents’ local resources. The new modalities can be seen as generalizations of the usual epistemic modalities. The logic combines Boolean BI’s resource semantics—we introduce BI and its resource semantics at some length—with epistemic agency. We illustrate the use of the logic in systems modelling by discussing some examples about access control, including semaphores, using resource tokens. We also give a labelled tableaux calculus and establish soundness and completeness with respect to the resource semantics.

PERUBAHAN PENGGUNAAN MODALITAS INTENSIONAL DALAM BAHASA MELAYU DAN BAHASA INDONESIA

Modality is the means of the speaker for his involvement in the truth of his speech propositions. In the semantic level, modalities can appear in all languages with their respective expressions. Modalities according to Alwi (1992) consist of intentional modalities, epistemic modalities, deontic modalities, and dynamic modalities. This study aims to look at changes in use in the aspects of intentional modalities in Malay and Indonesian. The data taken is in the form of Malay texts Hikayat Hang Tuah (1700), Hikayat Indera Nata (1800), and Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk (1982)..

THE MODE OF ‘MUST’ IN THE MODALITY OF NECESSITY IN ENGLISH AND ITS EQUIVALENTS IN INDONESIAN

The analysis of this research basically concern issue of the cultural in the context of the mode of ‘must’ in the modality of necessity in English and its equivalents in Indonesia. The method used in this research is descriptive research method. The data taken in the form of written language manner with consideration that written manner shows more consistent characteristics in usage of the sentence structure and word choice as well. The data is taken from novels in English and also in the form of its translation in Indonesian. Syntactically, the result of the analysis shows thatthe mode of ‘must’ is actualized in modal forms (modals/modal auxiliaries) refers to ‘the rules for modal verbs’. Modal patterns, in general, used M + Vinf, where modals are always followed by infinitives or main verbs. Semantically, the mode of must is the expression of logical necessity and belongs to an epistemic modality that has a subjective meaning of certainty. The disclosure of epistemic modalities is indicated by the arising of the speaker's certainty involving his knowledge or his beliefs. The equivalent mode must in Indonesian becomes 'must' .

Dynamics of Semantic and Pragmatic Framework of Modal Proposition: Linguistic and Cognitive Aspects

The article outlines the linguocognitive background for semantic and pragmatic structural dynamics of the modal proposition in planes of relevance, ambiguity, force dynamics, as well as possible worlds theories. The integrated theoretical approaches entailed the development of a relatively admissible algorithm for interpreting the modal values in a vast number of pragmatic frameworks. Due to the algorithm, a modal proposition incorporates a logical relation and a propositional domain. Logical relation integrates semantic denotation and pragmatic implication and presupposition into the linguistic coherence; whereas propositional domain represents human belief-desire system and encodes the factual or desirable state of affairs in root modalities and the individual’s mental states in epistemic modalities. Propositional domain permanently updates and extends due to the constant modelling of the novel mental inputs. Structurally, the propositional domain incorporates modal operators building the proposition into the contextual framework and linking it to another proposition, i.e. the restrictor. We incorporate the notion of force dynamics to ground the link between the root and epistemic modalities. Here force serves as contributing or restricting facility to precondition the way root modalities encode the external reality and metaphorically transmit it into the language of thought producing epistemic modal values. In terms of the possible worlds theory we classified factual, regulative, desirable, and idealistic propositional domains to generally outline pragmatic extension of English modals. In the case study of distributional properties and pragmatic extensions of most commonly used English modals in their relationship to truth-conditional content, we speculated on and systematized the means via modal values such as necessity, ability, possibility, potentiality, ordering, desirability etc. are encoded in the live English speech.

Scholastická logika „vědění“ II.

Further development of the research on the fourteenth-century logic of iterated modalities (Heytesbury, Wyclif, and Peter of Mantua) leads to further exploration in fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Italian scholasticism, in particular, the contributions of Paul of Venice and his followers (including Paul of Pergula, Cajetan of Thiene, and Domenico Bianchelli). The research confirms the well-established notion of “British logic in Italy”, as the major logical strategies used in the analysed works can be traced back to earlier British authors. Logically speaking, the problem of iterated epistemic modalities (such as knowledge and doubt) was framed as debate on the consistency of the hypothesis that an agent doubts whether she knows φ and the hypothesis that an agent knows φ and doubts whether she knows φ, in which the principles of positive and negative introspection play a major part. Philosophically speaking, the debate on the possibility of doubting one’s own knowledge utilised theories of evidence and scientific proof and philosophy of the mind (including the problems of direct and reflexive mental acts and of propositional attitudes).