Regional morphological division on Isidis Planitia on Mars

<p>       There are thousands of small cones on Isidis Planitia on Mars. The cones have diameters of 300–500 m and heights of ~30 m. Many cones form subparallel chains several kilometers in length. Their origin is discussed in many papers [1,2,3,4] however, the mechanism of their formation is not explained, nor the reason for their arrangement in subparallel chains. The cones may be: rootless cones, cinder cones, tuff cones, pingos, mud volcanoes etc. [4]. Some of chains have a characteristic furrow suggesting possibility of fissure volcanism.</p><p>       The prevalence of these chains indicates that large-scale processes are responsible for their formation. Their proper classification can help identify their origin and explain other large-scale processes on Isidis Planitia. There are a few works about statistics of cones  on Isidis Planitia e.g. [1,2,5]. However, we approached the problem in a different way. </p><p>        Our analysis indicates that the cones can be grouped in larger systems. We divided Isidis Planitia into several characteristic regions. There may be several types of cones in one of the distinguished regions. Our division is based on the following structures:</p><p>1.Chains of separate cones,</p><p>2.Chains of cones connected with each other,</p><p>3a. Chains of cones connected to the furrow through the center,</p><p>3b. Chains of cones connected to the furrow through the center with elongated, elliptical cones,</p><p>4. Chains of cones with the traces of flows,</p><p>5. Chains of irregular cones without calderas with a depression around the cones,</p><p>6a. Ridge arches without cones,</p><p>6b. Chains of cones on the ridges. </p><p>        We also paid attention to the orientation of the chains of cones. In most of our regions there are also groups of cones that do not form linear chains. Such group are named as "field of cones''</p><p>         Our current Isidis Planitia division includes 36 regions. We distinguished 11 regions with the predominant arrangement of arcs in the directions between ENE and ESE, 5 regions with the directions between WNW and WSW, 2 regions with the directions between NNE and NNW and 15 areas with the directions between SSE and SSW, 3 areas where the arcs of the cones form circles. In the rest of our regions there are no chains of cones.  </p><p>       We marked also sinuous ridges, cracks and serial depressions, occurring near craters, fields with polygonally cracked surface and quasi-circular depressions sQCDs - ghost craters [4].</p><p>Plan of future research: The next stage of our research is to explain the origin of the formation of each type of cone and their chains on Isidis Planitia.</p><p><strong>References:</strong></p><p>[1] Guidat, T., et al., (2015) Earth and Planet. Sci. Let . 411, 253-267. [2] Souček, O., et al., (2015) Earth and Planet. Sci. Let 426, 176-190.  [3] Gallinger, C.L. and Ghent, R. R., (2016) 40th Lunar and Planet. Sci. Conf. 1953. [4] Ghent, R. R., et al., (2012) Icarus 217, 1169-183. [5] Hiesinger H., et al., (2009)  47th Lunar and Planet. Sci. Conf. 2767.</p>

Mapping subtle structures with light detection and ranging (LIDAR): flow units and phreatomagmatic rootless cones in the North Mountain Basalt, Nova Scotia

Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) is an emerging technology to generate high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs). Subtle topographical differences among three flow units of the Jurassic North Mountain Basalt, eastern Canada, are visible on a LIDAR-derived DEM. The boundaries were verified by field mapping and allow a simple projection of the contact planes through the terrain model to provide a three-dimensional visualization of the flow units. Several ring structures in the lower flow unit, distinguishable only in the LIDAR data, are interpreted to be the remnants of rootless phreatomagmatic cones. Glacial erosion has since excavated the highly fractured cone material, leaving the more resistant dike and quenched melt to form protruding ring structures. The ability to detect subtle variations in topography using LIDAR may identify previously undetected landscape elements.