Deep Reinforcement Learning based pedestrian and independent vehicle safety fortification using intelligent perception

The Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensor is utilized to track each sensed obstructions at their respective locations with their relative distance, speed, and direction; such sensitive information forwards to the cloud server to predict the vehicle-hit, traffic congestion and road damages. Learn the behaviour of the state to produce an appropriate reward as the recommendation to avoid tragedy. Deep Reinforcement Learning and Q-network predict the complexity and uncertainty of the environment to generate optimal reward to states. Consequently, it activates automatic emergency braking and safe parking assistance to the vehicles. In addition, the proposed work provides safer transport for pedestrians and independent vehicles. Compared to the newer methods, the proposed system experimental results achieved 92.15% higher prediction rate accuracy. Finally, the proposed system saves many humans, animal lives from the vehicle hit, suggests drivers for rerouting to avoid unpredictable traffic, saves fuel consumption, and avoids carbon emission.

Pengembangan Software Aplikasi Pendeteksian Objek Berbasis LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) (Development of Lidar-Based Object Detection Software)

Mobil adalah sarana transportasi yang kebutuhannya semakin tinggi. Hal ini tidak saja terjadi di luar negeri tapi juga di Indonesia. Namun demikian, keberadaan mobil saat ini dikeluhkan karena polusi yang dihasilkan dan juga tingkat kenyamannya. Harapan di masa mendatang sepertinya lebih mengarah pada hadirnya mobil listrik dengan tingkat polusi sangat rendah, serta kenyamanan dalam penggunaannya, seperti halnya mobil listrik otonom. Di negara maju gagasan ini sudah mulai akan direalisasikan, dan Indonesia sepertinya juga akan menghadapi situasi dimana mobil tersebut menjadi masif digunakan. Oleh sebab itu, kita harus menguasai teknologi kendaraan listrik otonom agar kita dapat memasuki era Mobility in Society 5.0. Salah satu bentuk teknologi terkait adalah sistem software pendeteksian objek berbasis LiDAR. Adakalanya software yang menyertai suatu alat tidak dapat menyediakan fasilitas yang beragam sesuai dengan kebutuhan aplikasi di lapangan. Hal ini dikarenakan keterbatasan yang diberikan oleh produsen alat tersebut, begitu pula dengan produk LiDAR 2D yang banyak dipasaran, contohnya YDLiDAR. Untuk keperluan aplikasi pendeteksian objek, software yang disediakan memiliki keterbatasan dalam hal penyimpanan data, fleksibilitas penyajian data dan kemampuan mereduksi derau yang muncul saat LiDAR tersebut dioperasikan pada kondisi tertentu. Untuk mengatasi kekurangan tersebut diatas, maka pada penelitian ini dikembangkan software pendeteksian objek berbasi LiDAR yang menambahkan fungsi-fungsi tersebut di atas, serta dapat diaplikasikan untuk pendeteksian objek dan pengenalan jarak. Secara umum sistem ini memadukan sistem software yang dikembangkan pada laptop dengan sistem hardware yang terdiri dari YDLiDAR G4 dan interface data serial. Sistem software ini juga dikembangkan dengan menggunakan bahasa pemrograman python. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa kinerja software yang dikembangkan memiliki performansi visual yang baik, dapat menyimpan data hasil deteksi dengan durasi yang dapat ditentukan, serta kemampuan dalam menekan derau yang cukup baik. Kemampuan mereduksi noise dari sistem software ini dapat mereduksi error hingga 19,2%.

Assessing Vehicle Profiling Accuracy of Handheld LiDAR Compared to Terrestrial Laser Scanning for Crash Scene Reconstruction

Forensic crash investigation often requires developing detailed profiles showing the location and extent of vehicle damage to identify impact areas, impact direction, deformation, and estimated vehicle speeds at impact. Traditional damage profiling techniques require extended and comprehensive setups for mapping and measurement that are quite labor- and time-intensive. Due to the time involved, this damage profiling is usually done in a remote holding area after the crash scene is cleared. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) scanning technology in consumer handheld electronic devices, such as smartphones and tablets, holds significant potential for conducting this damage profile mapping in just a few minutes, allowing the mapping to be conducted at the scene before the vehicle(s) are moved. However, there is limited research and even scarcer published literature on field procedures and/or accuracy for these emerging smartphones and tablets with LiDAR. This paper proposes a methodology and subsequent measurement accuracy comparisons for survey-grade terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and handheld alternatives. The maximum root mean square error (RMSE) obtained for profile distance between handheld (iPad) and survey-grade TLS LiDAR scans for a damaged vehicle was observed to be 3 cm, a level of accuracy that is likely sufficient and acceptable for most forensic studies.

Improved mixing height estimates from atmospheric LiDAR measurements

In this study, an improvement in the estimation of the mixing height is carried out by introducing a time-dependent maximum and minimum analysis altitude (TDMMAA) in the Haar wavelet covariance transform (WCT) technique applied to atmospheric light detection and ranging (LiDAR) measurements generally used in mixing height estimations. Results showed that the standard method usually overestimates the mixing height and that the proposed algorithm is more robust against clouds and residual layers in the boundary layer that generally occur in the nighttime and early morning. The TDMMAA method does have a bit of subjectivity especially in defining the analysis periods as well as the top and bottom of the analysis altitudes as it needs user experience and guidance. Moreover, the algorithm needs to be further objectively refined for automation and operational use, validated with in-situ profile measurements, and tested during different atmospheric conditions.

Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) laser altimeter for the Martian Moons Exploration (MMX) spacecraft

An altimeter is a critical instrument in planetary missions, for both safe operations and science activities. We present required specifications and link budget calculations for light detection and ranging (LIDAR) onboard the Martian Moons Exploration (MMX) spacecraft. During the mission phase, this LIDAR will continuously measure the distance between the spacecraft and its target. The time-series distance provides important diagnostic information for safe spacecraft operations and important information for geomorphological studies. Because MMX is a sample return mission, its LIDAR must accommodate physical disturbances on the Martian satellite surface. This resulted in changes to the optical system design. Graphical abstract

Estimating Leaf Area Index in Row Crops Using Wheel-Based and Airborne Discrete Return Light Detection and Ranging Data

Leaf area index (LAI) is an important variable for characterizing plant canopy in crop models. It is traditionally defined as the total one-sided leaf area per unit ground area and is estimated by both direct and indirect methods. This paper explores the effectiveness of using light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data to estimate LAI for sorghum and maize with different treatments at multiple times during the growing season from both a wheeled vehicle and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Linear and nonlinear regression models are investigated for prediction utilizing statistical and plant structure-based features extracted from the LiDAR point cloud data with ground reference obtained from an in-field plant canopy analyzer (indirect method). Results based on the value of the coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean squared error for predictive models ranged from ∼0.4 in the early season to ∼0.6 for sorghum and ∼0.5 to 0.80 for maize from 40 Days after Sowing to harvest.