GANGGUAN JIWA SEBAGAI BENTUK PERLAWANAN PEREMPUAN DALAM “THE YELLOW WALLPAPER” KARYA CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN, SEBUAH PENDEKATAN FEMINIS PSIKOANALISIS *)

ABSTRAK Tulisan ini mengkaji cerpen “The Yellow Wallpaper” karya Charlotte Perkins Gilman dengan menggunakan pendekatan feminis psikoanalisis Karen Horney. Pendekatan teori ini digunakan untuk menganalisis bahwa bentuk perlawanan perempuan yang tecermin dalam cerpen ini antara lain perlawanan mendekati orang lain, perlawanan melawan orang lain, dan perlawanan menjauhi orang lain. Bentuk perlawanan mendekati orang lain adalah dengan aktivitas memunculkan teman khayalan yang dianggap nyata; Perlawanan melawan orang lain ditunjukkan dengan kembalinya aktivitas menulis dan aktivas yang menunjukkan gangguan jiwa; Perlawanan menjauhi orang lain adalah dengan aktivitas mengunci pintu kamar dan tidak ingin bertemu dengan orang lain. Bentuk perlawanan yang paling kuat adalah ketika tokoh perempuan dianggap mengidap gangguan jiwa. Perlawanan-perlawanan perempuan tersebut disebabkan oleh dominasi atau belenggu patriarki dalam masyarakat. Belenggu-belenggu patriarki yang tecermin dalam cerpen ini antara lain subordinasi peran perempuan, alienasi/pengasingan perempuan dari masyarakat, dan perempuan dianggap sebagai liyan.Kata kunci: feminis psikoanalisis, perlawanan, gangguan jiwa ABSTRACTThis paper examines the short story "The Yellow Wallpaper" by Charlotte Perkins Gilman using the feminist approach of Karen Horney's psychoanalysis. This theoretical approach is used to analyze that the forms of women's resistance reflected in this short story include resistance to approaching others, resistance against other people, and resistance to staying away from others. The form of resistance to approaching others is through the activity of bringing up imaginary friends who are considered real; Resistance against others is shown by the return to writing and activities that indicate mental disorders; The resistance to staying away from others is by locking the bedroom door and not wanting to meet other people. The strongest form of resistance is when the female character is considered to have mental disorders. The women's resistance was caused by the dominance or the shackles of patriarchy in society. The patriarchal shackles that are reflected in this short story include the subordination of the role of women, alienation / alienation of women from society, and women being considered as others. Keywords: feminist psychoanalysis, resistance, neurotic insanity

Otto Fenichel: idee fra due continenti

Otto Fenichel in Europa pubblicò lavori in cui marxismo e psicoanalisi s'incontravano. Fondava la psicoanalisi sulla razionalità e sulla scienza utilizzando concetti marxisti e voleva impiegarla per spiegare gli aspetti soggettivi dei fenomeni storici. A livello teorico Fenichel, come Wilhelm Reich, propose idee che erano già state concepite da psicologi e psicoanalisti russi, in particolare da Lev S. Vygotskij e soprattutto Alexandr R. Lurija. Fenichel nella psicoanalisi percepiva l'avvento di idee antirazionaliste e in generale antilluministe, anche oggi presenti. Criticò Melanie Klein, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm e la Psicologia dell'Io. Quando giunse negli USA, come accadde ad altri il suo retroterra ideologico non fu accettato dal mondo psicoanalitico americano. Pur mantenendo i suoi interessi, nel dialogo critico con gli psicologi dell'Io e altri interlocutori divenne noto principalmente per i suoi lavori clinici e tecnici.

A Sexualidade Feminina em Escritos das Pioneiras da Psicanálise

O presente artigo tem como objetivo recuperar escritos das pioneiras da psicanálise sobre a sexualidade feminina. A importância do retorno a essas autoras está na possibilidade de elaboração de uma teoria da sexualidade feminina por mulheres, em um campo tradicionalmente ocupado por autores homens. As mulheres conseguiram sair do lugar de pacientes para se tornar autoras? Foi possível às mulheres ocupar um lugar de protagonismo na psicanálise? As psicanalistas escolhidas para pensar essas questões foram responsáveis por importantes torções na teoria freudiana sobre a sexualidade feminina e são reconhecidas na história da psicanálise por suas contribuições teóricas e clínicas. São elas: Karen Horney, Jeanne Lampl-de Groot, Ruth Mack Brunswick, Melanie Klein, Joan Riviere e Helene Deutsch. Nesse trabalho, pretende-se trazer à tona, novamente, suas contribuições, com o intuito de buscar uma herança feminina na psicanálise.

A MONOGAMIA EM KAREN HORNEY: CONSIDERAÇÕES ACERCA DAS CONSTRUÇÕES PSICANALÍTICAS SOBRE FEMINILIDADE

Este trabalho se propõe a investigar as contribuições da psicanalista KarenHorney para a compreensão dos relacionamentos amorosos. A autora nospareceu uma boa representante do que Laplanche sinaliza como recalquespresentes na teoria psicanalítica. Investigamos o desenrolar da psicologia doamor de Horney, com base na metodologia laplancheana de análise de textospsicanalíticos, buscando apontar seus méritos e deméritos na construção deuma teoria psicanalítica que é comprometida com as consequências políticasde suas elaborações. A monogamia, instituição hegemônica e que tende aser interpretada como natural em nossa sociedade ocidental, parece-nos ocampo ideal para a discussão proposta pela autora sobre o lugar designadoàs mulheres. Traçaremos, portanto, um raio vetor sobre o tema, observandoas diferentes formas pelas quais se repete na obra da autora. Colocando emquestão a forma como são constituídos os relacionamentos amorosos, faz-senecessária a abordagem das questões identificatórias e de gênero que osperpassam.

Childhood Experience - the Building Blocks of Life: A Psychoanalytical Study of Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni’s Fiction One Amazing Thing

Some people cannot love even their family members, while some seemingly normal people have few paradoxical qualities. Is there a connection between their strange behavior and their childhood experiences? What is the role of childhood in the character development of a person? The psychologists consider childhood experiences as the building blocks of a person’s personality. Freud believed that the child’s bond with the parents is the key to his/her psyche. Erikson divides a person’s life into eight stages of development. Every child faces a crisis or a challenge at each stage. The resolution of the crisis would lead to the acquisition of virtue, while failure caused maladaptive. Karen Horney also puts forth similar views. If the child’s basic need is not met, he/ she would either move towards people or move against or move away from people. This article examines the portrayal of children, their challenges, idiosyncrasies, and impact of their experiences on their psyche in the fiction One Amazing Thing, written by famous Indian American author Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni from a psychoanalytical perspective. She has written a few children’s novels also. A master storyteller, she weaves reality, imagination, and psychology together and creates both adult and juvenile characters who are true to life.

Delirium Kekuasaan: Kajian Psikologi Sastra pada Lakon Amangkurat-Amangkurat karya Goenawan Mohamad

Humans are very complex creatures. From the process of hundreds of thousands of years, humans can finally overcome their fears, one of which is the fear of loss of power. The theme was very well written by Goenawan Mohamad in his play entitled Amangkurat-Amangkurat. Goenawan Mohamad took part in the history of the power struggle that occurred in the Islamic Mataram Kingdom in the 17th century. This power struggle rests on the Amangkurat figure who is said to have a kind of mental disorder characterized by hallucinations, illusions, and physical anxiety. Therefore, the relevant theory for studying the Amangkurat play is Psychology of Literature theory. The science of psychology itself is specifically the theory used is Karen Horney's Personality Theory regarding Basic Anxiety. The results of this study found that the Amangkurat figure, is a representation of the nature and basis of humans to continuously fight the fear that surrounds themselves. Of the various ways to overcome these fears, there arises extraordinary energy, which makes a human being can remain adaptive and managed to be a survivor in his life.Keywords: Power; fear; amangkurat; acts; psychology. IntisariManusia adalah makhluk yang sangat kompleks. Dari proses ratusan ribu tahun akhirnya manusia bisa mengatasi ketakutan-ketakutannya, salah satunya adalah ketakutan terhadap hilangnya kekuasaan. Tema tersebut dengan sangat bagus ditulis oleh Goenawan Mohamad dalam lakonnya yang berjudul Amangkurat-Amangkurat. Goenawan Mohamad mengambil bagian sejarah dari perebutan kekuasaan yang terjadi pada Kerajaan Mataram Islam di abad ke-17. Perebutan kekuasaan ini bertumpu pada tokoh Amangkurat yang dikisahkan memiliki semacam gangguan mental yang ditandai oleh halusinasi, ilusi, dan kegelisahan fisik. Oleh karena itu, teori yang relevan untuk mengkaji lakon Amangkurat adalah teori Psikologi Sastra. Ilmu bantu psikologi sendiri secara khusus teori yang dipakai adalah Teori Kepribadian Karen Horney perihal Kecemasan Dasar (basic anxiety). Hasil dari penelitian ini menemukan bahwa sosok Amangkurat, adalah representasi dari sifat alami dan dasar manusia untuk terus menerus melawan ketakutan yang menyelimuti diri. Dari berbagai cara mengatasi ketakutan-ketakutan tersebut, muncullah energi yang luar biasa, yang membuat seorang manusia bisa tetap adaptif dan berhasil menjadi penyintas di hidupnya. Kata kunci : Kekuasaan; ketakutan; amangkurat; lakon; psikologi.

Karl Abraham: Leben und Werk

Karl Abraham war der erste Psychoanalytiker Deutschlands und Gründer der Berliner Psychoanalytischen Vereinigung, die bis zur Übernahme der Nazis 1933 international führend war. Anna Bentinck van Schoonheten gelingt es mit beeindruckender Recherche und unter Einbezug auch bisher unbekannter Dokumente, den Menschen Karl Abraham zum Leben zu erwecken. Die Biografin beschreibt Abrahams persönliche Rolle als Leiter der Berliner Vereinigung und im »Geheimen Komitee« Freuds. Sie zeigt seinen Einfluss auf die theoretischen Leistungen seiner heute namhaften Analysanden, unter denen sich Karen Horney, Helene Deutsch, Edward Glover und Melanie Klein finden. Bis zu seinem vorzeitigen Tod entwickelte Abraham anhand klinischer Befunde und seiner eigenen Lebensgeschichte herausragende Beiträge zur Psychoanalyse – so erkannte er den Ursprung von Depressionen in der oralen Phase und wies den Weg zur Objektbeziehungstheorie.