ANALYSIS OF THE TAXONOMIC COMPOSI TION OF THE LLANDOVERIAN AND WENLOCKIAN FOSSILS OF MOLDAVIAN PRIDNESTROVYE ENTERED IN THE ELECTRONIC DATABASE “THE PALAEONTOLOGY OF PRIDNESTROVYE”

Problem statement and purpose. In geological surveys of the territory of the Moldavian SSR from the 1960th to the 1990th, deep horizons of Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks were discovered, the leading place among which belongs to the Silurian deposits. At that time, several dozen species and genera of fossils were identified in the Silurian of Moldavian Pridnestrovye. In 2020, as part of the work financed from the state budget on the theme of the creation of GIS “The Geology of Pridnestrovye”, the laboratory “The Geological Resources” developed an electronic database called “The Palaeontology of Pridnestrovye”. The fauna included in the database of palaeontology was divided into groups corresponding to their palaeontological classes and stratigraphic horizons: “Ordovician brachiopods”, “Silurian tabulates”, “Palaeogene foraminifers”, “Neogene bivalves”, etc. Species and genera of the fauna were linked to specific formations and locations, which provides good opportunity for palaeontological analysis of individual formations, horizons, cores of drilling and outcrops. The purpose of this article is to compile lists of fauna from the Llandoverian and Wenlockian formations of Moldavian Pridnestrovye and to compare their chronology with fossil fauna data on the sameage rocks of Podillia, Estonia and Lithuania. Material and methods. Four survey reports deal that on sheets L‑35-V and L‑35-XII were used as the material. The goal was concerning the sedimentary rocks of Llandovery and Wenlock Series. In the local scheme it corresponds to the Marasesti, Step-Soci, Cioc-Maidan (all in Llandovery), Balti formations and Lower Puhoi subformation (Wenlock). The intervals of the formations in boreholes are composed of organogenic limestones, silty, argillaceous stones, argillites and dolomites. The species and genera of the fauna from these intervals are compared with the biostratigraphic data from Podillia, Estonia and Lithuania. Results. In the stratigraphic sequences of Llandovery and Wenlock of the Moldavian Pridnestrovye, (in most cases) species and genera unique to those divisions of brachiopods, tabulates, stromatoporoids, ostracods, rugosans, and trilobites were identified by specialists; a smaller part of the taxa pass between the lowest formations of the Silurian and the overlying Balti formation. Most taxa have correspondences in the Podillian and Baltic basins; however, in these regions, the species and genera identified in Llandovery or Wenlock of Moldavian Pridnestrovye are mostly transitive between Silurian divisions, up to the Ludlow and Pridoli Series. There is practically no identified fauna in the Lower Puhoi sub-formation of Moldavian Pridnestrovye because of its facial specifics. The species Acidolites lateseptatus (Lindstroem), Altha modesta Neckaja, Longiscula caudalis (Jones) in Llandovery and Pentamerus oblongus Sowerby, Halysites catenularius Linnaeus = Halysites priscus Klaamann in Llandovery and Wenlock Series were the only guideing fauna for the first two Silurian series of Moldavian Pridnestrovye. Due to the attribution of the Muksha sub-formation of Podillia to Ludlow Series, no guiding species of the Wenlock stage was identified in the Balti formation of Moldavian Pridnestrovye.

A local discontinuous Galerkin gradient discretization method for linear and quasilinear elliptic equations

A local weighted discontinuous Galerkin gradient discretization method for solving elliptic equations is introduced. The local scheme is based on a coarse grid and successively improves the solution solving a sequence of local elliptic problems in high gradient regions. Using the gradient discretization framework we prove convergence of the scheme for linear and quasilinear equations under minimal regularity assumptions. The error due to artificial boundary conditions is also analyzed, shown to be of higher order and shown to depend only locally on the regularity of the solution. Numerical experiments illustrate our theoretical findings and the local method’s accuracy is compared against the non local approach.

Visualization Terrain Data Using Cubic Ball Triangular Patches

Scattered data technique is important to visualize the geometrical images of the surface data especially for terrain, earthquake, geochemical distribution, rainfall etc. The main objective of this study is to visualize the terrain data by using cubic Ball triangular patches. First step, the terrain data is triangulated by using Delaunay triangulation. Then partial derivative will be estimated at the data points. Sufficient condition for C1 continuity will be derived for each triangle. Finally, a convex combination comprising three rational local scheme is used to construct the surface. The scheme is tested to visualize the terrain data collected at central region of Malaysia.

On Being Degraded in Public Space: An Autoethnography

In the form of an autoethnography, the author analyzes a violent attack he suffered in public and discusses how the incident relates to a degradation ceremony. The author explains why the incident did not meet the required conditions of a successful degradation ceremony and defines a concept called degradation incident. Like a degradation ceremony, a person who experiences a degradation incident is perceived by the public as lower in the local scheme of social types. Unlike a degradation ceremony, transformation of ones total identity is not a required outcome of a degradation incident. The significance of being degraded in public without experiencing a transformation of total identity is discussed.

Impacts of the Lowest Model Level Height on the Performance of Planetary Boundary Layer Parameterizations

The lowest model level height z1 is important in atmospheric numerical models, since surface layer similarity is applied to the height in most of the models. This indicates an implicit assumption that z1 is within the surface layer. In this study, impacts of z1 on the performance of planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterizations are investigated. Three conceptually different schemes in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are tested for one complete diurnal cycle: the nonlocal, first-order Yonsei University (YSU) and Asymmetric Convective Model version 2 (ACM2) schemes and the local, 1.5-order Mellor–Yamada–Janjić (MYJ) scheme. Surface variables are sensitive to z1 in daytime when z1 is below 12 m, even though the height is within the surface layer. Meanwhile during nighttime, the variables are systematically altered as z1 becomes shallower from 40 m. PBL structures show the sensitivity in the similar manner, but weaker. The order of sensitivity among the three schemes is YSU, ACM2, and MYJ. The significant sensitivity of the YSU parameterization comes from the PBL height calculation. This is considerably alleviated by excluding the thermal excess term in determining the PBL height when z1 is within the surface layer. The factor that specifies the ratio of nonlocal transport to total mixing is critical to the sensitivity of the ACM2 scheme. The MYJ scheme has no systematic sensitivity, since it is a local scheme. It is also noted that a numerical instability appears accompanying the unrealistic PBL structures when the grid spacing in the surface layer suddenly jumps.