STABILIZATION OF SUBSIDENCE OF BUILDINGS OF MODERN MEDICAL CENTERS

the group of deformed structures includes buildings that have received unacceptable subsidence and deformation during the period of their construction and especially operation, which, however, do not interfere with the perfor-mance of their main functions, but may eventually collapse. Their causes are errors in engineering and geological surveys and design; violation of the rules for performing construction work and operation of buildings and struc-tures. Long-term geodetic observations of the precipitation of the foundations of buildings on pile foundations have shown that both absolute and relative stabilized values of subsidence in the vast majority of cases are less than them and the normative limit values are calculated. Therefore, the group of deformed buildings on pile foun-dations includes somewhat less often similar objects with shallow foundations. The reasons for excessive subsid-ence of the foundations of pile foundations of buildings (and as a result, the occurrence and development of cracks and other deformations in load – bearing structures), in addition to these, are most often: unjustified use of increasing correction coefficients for the results of compression tests of highly acidic soils; the lower ends of the piles falling into layers of weak soil; the tip of the piles sinking from the design mark; overestimation of the bear-ing capacity of the piles due to non-compliance with the optimal time of their "rest" after immersion or erroneous interpretation of the graphs "load-pile sediment"; excessively close placement of neighboring piles in the plan, which when they are immersed, especially in the sand, leads to "pushing" up previously submerged; uneven load-ing of piles as part of the grillage; deformation of existing buildings and structures when driving piles near and tongue-and-groove, the development of pits, etc.

RESULTS OF VIBRATION MONITORING OF VIBRO-DRIVING AND VIBRO-EXTRACTION OF SHEET PILES

The geology of St. Petersburg is represented with a heavy layer of weak structurally unstable soils. Using of vibro-extraction and vibro-driving of sheet piles in such conditions requires a particularly responsible approach in order to predict the emerging dynamic effects and the zones of their influence on the surrounding buildings and structures. Therefore, the task of looking for possible patterns describing these processes is highly relevant. For this purpose, the authors have updated the map of engineering-geological zoning according to Zavarzin with use of more than 50 reports of engineering-geological surveys. On this map the sensitive to the high-frequency vibrations soil layers are identified. Also, more than 70 reports on vibration monitoring of vibration driving and vibration extraction of sheet piles in St. Petersburg have been analyzed. The influence on the value of vibration acceleration of the following factors has been investigated: the geological features of the site, the distance to the source of vibrations, the characteristics of the vibrating hammer (operating frequency, driving force) and sheet pile (length, cross section), the location of measurements (on the ground or on a structural element of the building). The result of the work is the diagrams that clearly show the presence or absence of a relationship between the studied parameters. The absence of dependencies for some of the investigated parameters may be caused by the factors which influence cannot be predicted. These factors are the occurrence of large friction forces in the joints of sheet piles; the presence of lenses of dense soils or boulders during sheet piles driving; violations of the technological process. The zone of the influence of high-frequency dynamic impact was identified as 25 meters, which is in good agreement with the results of in-situ monitoring.

Review of Underwater Sensing Technologies and Applications

As the ocean development process speeds up, the technical means of ocean exploration are being upgraded. Due to the characteristics of seawater and the complex underwater environment, conventional measurement and sensing methods used for land are difficult to apply in the underwater environment directly. Especially for the seabed topography, it is impossible to carry out long-distance and accurate detection via electromagnetic waves. Therefore, various types of acoustic and even optical sensing devices for underwater applications have come into use. Equipped by submersibles, those underwater sensors can sense underwater wide-range and accurately. Moreover, the development of sensor technology will be modified and optimized according to the needs of ocean exploitation. This paper has made a summary of the ocean sensing technologies applied in some critical underwater scenarios, including geological surveys, navigation and communication, marine environmental parameters, and underwater inspections. In order to contain as many submersible-based sensors as possible, we have to make a trade-off on breadth and depth. In the end, the authors predict the development trend of underwater sensor technology based on the future ocean exploration requirements.

Genesis of the Dawadi potassium nitrate deposit in Lop Nor, China

Nitrate deposits are rare worldwide, especially potassium nitrate deposits; furthermore, their genesis remains disputed. There is a rare salt-lake type potassium nitrate deposit in the Dawadi area of Lop Nor at the eastern margin of the Tarim Basin, and the ore bodies show coexisting solid and liquid phases. Additionally, there are large sulphate-type potash deposits in the adjoining Luobei Depression, south of the Dawadi area. To determine why there are two different types of potash deposits in adjacent depressions with similar climates, field geological surveys were conducted and samples collected. It was found that the Tertiary clastic layer at the periphery of the Dawadi deposit was rich in high-salinity brine, with nitrate contents of up to 495–16,719 mg/L, much higher than those in the Luobei Depression, 1–35 mg/L. Additionally, a type of deep hydrothermal (Ca–Cl) brine was found in the fault zones, with nitrate contents of up to 8044 mg/L, dozens of times greater than that of ordinary groundwater. Using comprehensive analysis and research, we concluded that the Dawadi and Luobei depressions belong to different hydrological systems with no connection between them; thus, the two deposits belong to different metallogenic systems. Furthermore, groundwater played an important role in the mineralization of the potassium nitrate deposit, and a deep source may have been an important source of the ore-forming materials. The fault system widely developed in Lop Nor provides favorable channels for deep hydrothermal recharge, and the groundwater and deep hydrothermal brine could provide the source for the nitrate mineralization in the Dawadi Depression through water–rock reactions.

The principles of compiling and the content of the Geocryological Map in the area of the bridge crossing over the Lena River

For the safe construction and operation of a bridge it is necessary to have a clear understanding of the landscape, geocryological and hydrogeological features of the territory. In this regard, a review of the geocryological study of the permafrost zone of the bridge crossing area has been prepared; the analysis of the published and archive literature on the geological structure and hydrogeological conditions of the area under study was carried out; field and fund data and data of engineering and geological surveys were studied and analyzed; control and linking field routes and geothermal measurements in wells were carried out. The results obtained in the course of this work served as the basis for the compilation of a permafrost landscape map and then a geocryological map of the bridge over the Lena river in the area of Yakutsk on a scale of 1 : 5 000. The geocryological map shows the spatial heterogeneity of the permafrost-landscape conditions of the territory under consideration due to zonal (altitudinal-belt), regional and local factors. The information base of geocryological characteristics was the data of engineering and geological surveys.

Real-time Magnetic Observatory Network: A Review

The International Real-time Magnetic Observatory Network (INTERMAGNET) was based on the Observatory Instruments in Ottawa, Canada in August 1986. After coordination between the United States and British Geological Surveys, this network could use to record Earth’s magnetic field e.g., Disturbance storm time (Dst) index that monitored a large geomagnetic storm. The INTERMAGNET has been used in to access the observed communicating. The production of geomagnetic products could be obtained in real-time. Overseeing the operations of INTERMAGNET, the first geomagnetic Information Node (GIN) was established in 1991, the first CD-ROM/DVD was published in 1991.

Efficient Transformer for Remote Sensing Image Segmentation

Semantic segmentation for remote sensing images (RSIs) is widely applied in geological surveys, urban resources management, and disaster monitoring. Recent solutions on remote sensing segmentation tasks are generally addressed by CNN-based models and transformer-based models. In particular, transformer-based architecture generally struggles with two main problems: a high computation load and inaccurate edge classification. Therefore, to overcome these problems, we propose a novel transformer model to realize lightweight edge classification. First, based on a Swin transformer backbone, a pure Efficient transformer with mlphead is proposed to accelerate the inference speed. Moreover, explicit and implicit edge enhancement methods are proposed to cope with object edge problems. The experimental results evaluated on the Potsdam and Vaihingen datasets present that the proposed approach significantly improved the final accuracy, achieving a trade-off between computational complexity (Flops) and accuracy (Efficient-L obtaining 3.23% mIoU improvement on Vaihingen and 2.46% mIoU improvement on Potsdam compared with HRCNet_W48). As a result, it is believed that the proposed Efficient transformer will have an advantage in dealing with remote sensing image segmentation problems.

ANALYSIS OF THE TAXONOMIC COMPOSI TION OF THE LLANDOVERIAN AND WENLOCKIAN FOSSILS OF MOLDAVIAN PRIDNESTROVYE ENTERED IN THE ELECTRONIC DATABASE “THE PALAEONTOLOGY OF PRIDNESTROVYE”

Problem statement and purpose. In geological surveys of the territory of the Moldavian SSR from the 1960th to the 1990th, deep horizons of Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks were discovered, the leading place among which belongs to the Silurian deposits. At that time, several dozen species and genera of fossils were identified in the Silurian of Moldavian Pridnestrovye. In 2020, as part of the work financed from the state budget on the theme of the creation of GIS “The Geology of Pridnestrovye”, the laboratory “The Geological Resources” developed an electronic database called “The Palaeontology of Pridnestrovye”. The fauna included in the database of palaeontology was divided into groups corresponding to their palaeontological classes and stratigraphic horizons: “Ordovician brachiopods”, “Silurian tabulates”, “Palaeogene foraminifers”, “Neogene bivalves”, etc. Species and genera of the fauna were linked to specific formations and locations, which provides good opportunity for palaeontological analysis of individual formations, horizons, cores of drilling and outcrops. The purpose of this article is to compile lists of fauna from the Llandoverian and Wenlockian formations of Moldavian Pridnestrovye and to compare their chronology with fossil fauna data on the sameage rocks of Podillia, Estonia and Lithuania. Material and methods. Four survey reports deal that on sheets L‑35-V and L‑35-XII were used as the material. The goal was concerning the sedimentary rocks of Llandovery and Wenlock Series. In the local scheme it corresponds to the Marasesti, Step-Soci, Cioc-Maidan (all in Llandovery), Balti formations and Lower Puhoi subformation (Wenlock). The intervals of the formations in boreholes are composed of organogenic limestones, silty, argillaceous stones, argillites and dolomites. The species and genera of the fauna from these intervals are compared with the biostratigraphic data from Podillia, Estonia and Lithuania. Results. In the stratigraphic sequences of Llandovery and Wenlock of the Moldavian Pridnestrovye, (in most cases) species and genera unique to those divisions of brachiopods, tabulates, stromatoporoids, ostracods, rugosans, and trilobites were identified by specialists; a smaller part of the taxa pass between the lowest formations of the Silurian and the overlying Balti formation. Most taxa have correspondences in the Podillian and Baltic basins; however, in these regions, the species and genera identified in Llandovery or Wenlock of Moldavian Pridnestrovye are mostly transitive between Silurian divisions, up to the Ludlow and Pridoli Series. There is practically no identified fauna in the Lower Puhoi sub-formation of Moldavian Pridnestrovye because of its facial specifics. The species Acidolites lateseptatus (Lindstroem), Altha modesta Neckaja, Longiscula caudalis (Jones) in Llandovery and Pentamerus oblongus Sowerby, Halysites catenularius Linnaeus = Halysites priscus Klaamann in Llandovery and Wenlock Series were the only guideing fauna for the first two Silurian series of Moldavian Pridnestrovye. Due to the attribution of the Muksha sub-formation of Podillia to Ludlow Series, no guiding species of the Wenlock stage was identified in the Balti formation of Moldavian Pridnestrovye.