Quantum cloud theory: Collapse expectations and superposition conservation

Most of metabolic processes are extremely complicated but occur spontaneously and steadily, the essential reason of which may be either a thermodynamic problem or related to some quantum properties. Here, collapse selection is interpreted with an analytical model of energy transfer, from which the concept of quantum cloud is defined as that during undetectable changes of a group of particles between its effective changes, particles are in the superposition of various energy states and the group is named as a cloud. It is deduced from a conservation notion of matter proportions that active cloud collapses have least-time expectation while passive collapses have matter-proportion expectation. As the results, quantum Zeno effect is a typical phenomenon of passive collapses while anti-Zeno effect is typical active collapses; moreover, the phenomenon of dark matter may be dark-cloud effect of normal matter while the phenomenon of accelerating universe may be induced by the luminescent asymmetries of bright celestial bodies.

Cloud effect on the Ultraviolet index

<p>Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is essential for many biological processes even its intensity near the surface is weak in comparison with visible and infrared sun radiation. Plants, animals and humans adopted to common UV radiation intensity. However higher doses pose an increased risk for all organisms. The UV index (UVI) defined in early 90s is recently used to express possible harm to the human body.</p><p>The UVI is computed from the spectral intensity of UV–B radiation. Its magnitude is thus related to sun elevation, cloud cover, stratospheric ozone concentration, altitude and air pollution. Important factor is also snow cover which increases the UVI due to high reflectivity. The UVI usually attains values between 0 and 9 in middle latitudes; the higher value of the UVI indicates a higher risk of the human body harm. The highest values are generally reached in sunny days around the noon in June and July in mid-latitudes. The cloudiness usually decreases the UVI and the Cloud modification factor defined for the UV-B radiation reduction is usually applied for the UVI forecast.</p><p>The aim of the contribution is to quantify effect of clouds on the UVI and revise the values of the CMF for the UVI. Different types of clouds, the base height and cloud structure are considered. The study is based on station measurement of the UVI, global radiation and sun duration in 10 minutes intervals from four stations in the Czechia during the period 2011–2017. The parameters of clouds were extracted from the SYNOP reports from the nearest stations. The results show a weak effect of high- level clouds on the UVI (decrease of 15 %) even under cover 8/8. The mid- and low-level clouds reduce the UVI with factor 0,7 to 0,35 according to its amount. However, clouds with vertical evolution (cumulus and cumulonimbus) cause in specific cases even increase of the UVI. Complete table of cloud effect on the UVI for the sun elevation between 35° and 50° will be introduced in presentation.</p>

Radiative Effects of Clouds and Water Vapor on an Axisymmetric Monsoon

Monsoons are summertime circulations shaping climates and societies across the tropics and subtropics. Here the radiative effects controlling an axisymmetric monsoon and its response to climate change are investigated using aquaplanet simulations. The influences of clouds, water vapor, and CO2 on the axisymmetric monsoon are decomposed using the radiation-locking technique. Seasonal variations in clouds and water vapor strongly modulate the axisymmetric monsoon, reducing net precipitation by approximately half. Warming and moistening of the axisymmetric monsoon by seasonal longwave cloud and water vapor effects are counteracted by a strong shortwave cloud effect. The shortwave cloud effect also expedites onset of the axisymmetric monsoon by approximately two weeks, whereas longwave cloud and water vapor effects delay onset. A conceptual model relates the timing of monsoon onset to the efficiency of surface cooling. In climate change simulations CO2 forcing and the water vapor feedback have similar influences on the axisymmetric monsoon, warming the surface and moistening the region. In contrast, clouds have a negligible effect on surface temperature yet dominate the monsoon circulation response. A new perspective for understanding how cloud radiative effects shape the monsoon circulation response to climate change is introduced. The radiation-locking simulations and analyses advance understanding of how radiative processes influence an axisymmetric monsoon, and establish a framework for interpreting monsoon–radiation coupling in observations, in state-of-the-art models, and in different climate states.

Seven-Point Solar Tracking Control for a Fiber-Optic Daylighting System

A strategy for precise solar tracking has been developed using feedback signals from seven photosensors in conjunction with the operation of an active daylighting system. The tracking system was composed of a microcontroller, two stepper motors, photosensors, a grooves-in Fresnel lens concentrator, and a glass optical fiber cable. A robust control was implemented using cadmium sulfide (CdS) sensors to track the sun’s path precisely from sunrise to sunset. To avoid the cloud effect, two separate sensors were installed apart from the main tracking sensors. The control system was allowed to track the sun’s position if clouds covered the sky continuously for less than approximately 70 min. To analyze the performance of the solar tracker for daylighting applications, a series of experiments were performed in different weather conditions where the accuracy and effectiveness of the present solar tracking control were confirmed.